Emile Durkheim the Division of Labor - 1152 Words

Emile Durkheim and the Division of Labor June 15, 2012 Emile Durkheim and the Division of Labor Functionalism is one of the baselines in sociology and Emile Durkheim is one of the main players in defining the field of sociology as a science. He believed that every social structure existed only because it satisfied a specific social need. Additionally, it was Durkheim’s desire to delineate how sociology would be used and considered and to give it the tools of scientific methodology (Vissing, 2011). To integrate the tools of science with the theory of functionalism Durkheim examined how social structures integrated with social living. It was not until after Durkheim examined the interactions within the social structures that he came†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the members of a society become dependent on one another because of the individual’s ability to successfully perform and complete their individual task. However, the members of this type of society become tied to each other through a reciprocal relationship because of the specialization of the tas ks assigned to each individual (Durkheim, É. amp; Simpson, G., 1949). As a population of a society increases, the individuals within that society are able to maintain their social relationships amongst themselves because the concept of organic solidarity allows for the expansion of tasks within the division of labor of that society. Although the individuals of the increasing population within the society do not consciously expand those tasks in the division of labor, it is forced upon them because of that increasing population, and the speed at which those tasks expand is proportional to the rate of population increase. Thus as Durkheim postulates a civilization in not a product of the division of labor in a society it is a direct resultant of the expansion of tasks in the division of labor in relationship to the increase of the population of that society. While Emile Durkheim postulates that the Division of Labor forms solidarity within a society the dynamic and material density of a society are positively correlated, and as population increases, survival requires a greater division ofShow MoreRelatedExamples Of Division Of Labor By Emile Durkheim1089 Words   |  5 PagesIs society real? French sociologist, Emile Durkheim, viewed society not as something that individuals created, but as something that already existed, that they advanced. He views society as similar to the organism; each organism mechanically carries out their assigned task, and doesn’t stray from their function. The difference, though, is that the possibility that people will go against the grain is far more probable, due to the wide range of abilities and dispositions that humans possess. Durkheim’sRead MoreComparing Emile Durkheim s The Division Of Labor1924 Words   |  8 PagesIn comparing Emile Durkheim’s The Division of Labor in Society a nd readings from the The Rules of Sociological Method to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality in addition to Harriet Martineaus’ Morals and Manners, Morals of Slavery, and The Political Nonexistence of Women, all of these authors investigate people as beings that are fundamentally social that create the basis for society. Even though their perspectives have similar components when it comes to fundamentallyRead MoreNormal and Abnormal Methods of Dividing Labor in The Division of Labor in Society by Emile Durkheim1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Forced Division of Labor In his book, The Division of Labor in Society, Emile Durkheim argues that social structure depends on the division of labor in a society, meaning that society functions in a way in which tasks are performed in a society. In explaining this point, Durkheim describes how the division of labor develops in a normal and abnormal manner. In each case, he emphasizes the importance of division of labor as necessary and solidarity as a function of a well organizes society. UnderRead MoreEmile Durkheim And Karl Marx Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe division of labor is a complex phenomenon that is characterized by varying aspects of an individual’s social connection to the society in which they reside. The Division of labor is a broad process that affects and influences many aspects of life such as political, judicial, and administrative functions (Bratton Denham, 2014). Two of the main sociological theorists, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, had different understandings of the notion about the division of labor. This topic has been contestedRead MoreDivision of Labor1397 Words   |  6 PagesDivision of Labor Introduction: The phrase â€Å"division of labor† has many different definitions that can be used in different contexts. The Encyclopedia of Sociology helps explore the many different ways division of labor can be defined, and recognizes that all major sociologists considered this topic to be fundamental in understanding modern society, and how it has came to be. (Borgatta Montgomery and Rhonda 2000). Some of these classical sociological thinkers expressed their own ideas of divisionRead MoreEssay on Perspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1215 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were full of evolving social and economic ideas. These views of the social structure of urban society came about through the development of ideas taken from the past revolutions. As the Industrial Revolution progressed through out the world, so did the gap between the class structures. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal for the upper class. By using advanced methods of productionRead MoreThe Theories of Emile Durkkheim Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe Theories of Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim also referred to as â€Å"The Father of Sociology† (Thio, 2002), played a critical role in establishing theories based on â€Å"Social Facts† (Thio, 2002) He is best known for his views of â€Å"social reality†( Thio, 2002) and their ties into how a society works. He was said to be a sociologist who played an important part in the development of â€Å"structural functionalism† (Thio, 2002), and sociology as a whole. His four major studies, or publications, have assuredRead MoreEssay about Emile Durkheim vs Karl Marx1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthis time in history, social theorists like Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx challenged the aspect of social structure in their works. Emile Durkheim is known as a functionalist states that everything serves a function in society and his main concern to discover what that function was. On the other hand Karl Marx, a conflict theorist, stresses that society is a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generate social change. Both Durkheim and Marx were concerned with the characteristicsRead MoreThe Idea of Social Theory776 Words   |  4 Pagesthe theorists of the age of classical social theory, and two of the most influential were Emile Durkheim and Georg Simmel. These two men made many contributions to social theory and helped people understand modern society. The first major theorist from that time was Emile Durkheim, born on April 15, 1858 in Epinal, France. His mother was a merchant’s daughter and a Chief Rabbi. To his father’s grief, Durkheim was not meant to become a rabbi and that became apparent when he moved to Paris to go toRead MoreI Am an Individual986 Words   |  4 PagesAre we individuals? According to Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), â€Å"society has a strong influence on the individuals who need to adapt themselves to and already determined fixed society† (Frazaneh, 2008, p. 1).Max Weber (1864-1920) on the other hand states that, â€Å"the response or reaction of the individual is a determining factor that constantly and consistently shapes and molds society itself† (Frazaneh, 2008, p. 1). Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist, who is cited by some as the principal architect

How The Show Dancing With The Stars ( New Zealand ) Essay

According to Lealand and Martin (2001), despite outer differences, each element of television is connected in a way. For example, the schedule provides a controlled grid to organise strands genres, genre groupings connect across programmes and programmes connect to nearby programmes (Lealand Martin, 2001). Moreover, every individual element of a television programme connects, in some way, to the producers purpose of the show (Lealand Martin, 2001; Horrocks, 2004). Thus, each feature of a programme is considered in terms of the appeal to its target audience and genre. This essay will analyse how the TV3 show Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand) is structured and produced to suit the purpose of the show and appeal to the target audience. Furthermore, reinforcing the idea that programmes have a motive for every individual element in their structure. Firstly, the genre of Dancing with the Stars, time-slot in schedule, and the aspects of its television station have influence in the show ’s target audience and purpose (Creeber, 2008). This influence of target audience can also be seen when analysing the structure of the show. Furthermore, the producer uses various production techniques to appeal to the audience. Thus, by looking at the different aspects of Dancing with the Stars it’s clear to see the relationship between the production and structure of the show, with the intended audience. Moreover, the show effectively validates the sense that every aspect of televisionShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Tv Essay1919 Words   |  8 PagesThis particular episode of Dancing with the Stars was scheduled on a Sunday, 7-8:35pm, TV3. As stated by Horrocks (2004), this time is during the prime viewing time, with substantial numbers of audience members watching television. According to Creeber (2008) the genre of reality TV is typically shaped by the weekend program, followed by results and elimination – hence, Dancing with the Stars has performanc es on Sunday and results of voting of Monday. As shown by Throng (2015), this episode, screenedRead MoreEssay on Sail Away1308 Words   |  6 PagesHow many people are tired of vacationing in the same DRAB place? How many people are looking for some excitement, new experiences, and a chance to travel the world without depleting your life savings? Cruise ships have always been a luxurious get away from the daily CLUTTER of society. Since, the first transatlantic cruise in the 1900‘s, over 1 billion passengers have set sail for the high seas and half of those passengers are frequent ones. Today, I want to share the insider secrets to why cruisingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Value Of Poetry 1678 Words   |  7 Pageswas inspired by a real life situation when Banjo wrote a letter whilst working as a lawyer in a New South Wales city, to send to a man named Clancy who lived at The Overflow which is in a more rural area. However, he never received a reply and assumed that h e didn’t live there anymore and was somewhere else. This is what inspired the part of the poem with Banjo’s imagination of where Clancy could be and how he’d rather be where Clancy is instead of an office in the city. * Clancy of the Overflow, publishedRead MoreChildren Growing Up Too Fast1762 Words   |  8 Pageschildren roles. It’s not hard for a child to get access to the television set and see the influential things that the media may disclose. Ideas that are shown on TV now, are very misleading and inappropriate, even on children’s channels. Nickelodeon shows are very mature sit-coms that promote sex and promiscuity. Tweens are provoked to grow up faster and act as though they’ve reached the teen status, and teens feel like they’re adults. It’s easier to catch on to these particular trends, because they’reRead MoreLeadership Power10259 Words   |  42 Pagesform of power has the best influence on effective leadership? Word count: 2,746 Executive Summary Leadership, power and influence is a theme within management that is constantly developing overtime. Leaders are continuously developing new and innovative ways to empower their followers in order to get the best out of them. For the purpose of this report, we have decided to look at the assumption that leadership is based on the different types of relationships between people, ratherRead MoreThe History of Dance9217 Words   |  37 Pagescha. Clogging - clog dancing or clogging, as it is sometimes known, takes its origins from square dancing. This is not where or how clogging began however. Disco - history of disco dancing. Flamenco and the Spanish Gypsy - History of Flamenco Dance Music. Foxtrot - history of foxtrot. Hip Hop - history of hip-hop dance. Hip Hop - history of hip hop, rapping, graffiti and b-boying. Hula and Tahitian Dance Hustle - History of hustle dancing and New York Hustle. Irish Dancing - Irish Dance Style StandsRead MoreLeadership Power10268 Words   |  42 PagesWhich form of power has the best influence on effective leadership? Word count: 2,746 Executive Summary Leadership, power and influence is a theme within management that is constantly developing overtime. Leaders are continuously developing new and innovative ways to empower their followers in order to get the best out of them. For the purpose of this report, we have decided to look at the assumption that leadership is based on the different types of relationships between people, ratherRead MoreMaster Blaster Sachin Tendulkar2866 Words   |  12 PagesSydney cricket ground Movie : Coming to America Music : Pop Hobby : Collecting CDs. Car : Maruti Actors : Amitabh Bacchan, Nana Patekar Actresses : Madhuri Dixit Cricket Heroes : Gavaskar, Viv Richards, Imran Khan and Sandeep Patil Other Fav. Stars : Maradona, Borris Becker Drink : Orange / Apple juice and water Food : Steak Pastime : Listening to peaceful music with friends   Clothes : Official jacket and tie, else jeans and T-shirt Magazine : Sportstar Others   Major teams : India, MumbaiRead MoreThe Cruise And Royal Caribbean Cruise2850 Words   |  12 Pagesgoing on a Cruise Ship to the Bahamas or Europe or even Canada for a few days? 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Case An Australian Crowd funding Exemption â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Case An Australian Crowd Funding Exemption? Answer: Introduction Crowdfunding allows small start-ups and entrepreneurs to raise funding for their business ideas. It is different from traditional investment sources such as venture capitalists, banks, or investment firms. The investors of crowdfunding include family members, relatives, friends and other small investors. There are large numbers of entrepreneurs with fresh ideas, who are looking for funding for their business projects. It is difficult for large financiers to invest in each one of them; therefore, crowdfunding has gain significant popularity between small entrepreneurs. This essay will describe several aspects of crowdfunding to Howard Jones, to assist him in making a decision of funding his idea with crowdfunding or traditional sources of income. The success of crowdfunding in commercial and social sectors will also be analysed in the essay. Further, the essay will value the Australian regulation regarding crowdfunding and compares it with other countries regulations Crowdfunding Procedure Crowdfunding is a procedure of financing an idea or business from a large number of small financiers investments[1]. Crowdfunding is a part of a crowd-sourced funding and alternating investment. The crowdfunding is different from traditional sources of funding a project such as a venture capitalist, bank debt or investment corporations. Generally, these financiers invest their capitals in a large-scale project, and these investors are limited in numbers. Crowdfunding gives small entrepreneurs funding for their projects, so they can expand, create and share their ideas with the world[2]. The projects of entrepreneurs are funded by a large number of small financiers. There are various online portals which assist entrepreneurs in sharing their ideas and small investors to invest in such ideas[3]. There are four different types of crowdfunding options available for entrepreneurs. The first option is reward-based crowdfunding, in which the entrepreneurs provide rewards and incentive to the financiers who invest in their ideas. The second method is equity-based crowdfunding where the investors get shares for the investment they provide. The third method is charity based crowdfunding where the purpose of crowdfunding is some social cause. The fourth type based on lending crowdfunding, in which the investment provided by financiers to entrepreneurs is considered as loan and the entrepreneurs pay such loan with interest[4]. There are few steps that an entrepreneur must follow before raising investment through crowdfunding method. The most important step is disclosure of complete and necessary information regarding the project. The entrepreneur must not hide or alter any information from the financiers. The information includes various specifics such as product details, the goal of business, the requirement of funds, and time frame of the project and reward given to the financiers[5]. All such information must be posted by entrepreneurs over the online portals for crowdfunding. Examples of Crowdfunding in Commercial and Social Projects The popularity of crowdfunding will assist the Australian entrepreneurs in raising funds for their creative ideas. This development will assist in the growth of Australian economy. In Australia, Indigogo and Kickstarter are the two most popular websites for crowdfunding[6]. These websites provide investment to small entrepreneurs for various projects. A popular Australian game developing corporation called Satellite Reign raised an investment of $461,333 in 2016, for their real-time strategy video game through crowdsourcing[7]. They use Kickstarter website to post the requirement of investment for their project. More example of successful crowdfunding in commercial context includes Fame Partners and CrowdMobile. These technical corporations raised an investment of $2 million through crowdsourcing in 2013. Kickstarter reported that in 2014, more than 22 thousand small projects raised investment through crowdfunding. These businesses raised more than $500 million through the online pl atform of Kickstarter. Many small Australian corporations raised their investment through crowdfunding methods such as Ninja Blocks and KoalaSafe. Crowdfunding raised funds for not just entrepreneur projects, but many social caused were funded through crowdfunding. Various charitable organisations and individuals use crowdsourcing to raise funds for specific social objectives. For example, Eliza was suffering from Sanfilippo syndrome, due to which she was unable to walk, talk or eat her food. She had this disease when she was 4 years old. Elizas father made several videos of her daughters condition and uploaded them to social media sites to raise funding for her treatment. The money raised through social media websites was not enough since the treatment of Eliza cost more than $2.5 million. The video of Eliza was seen by Benjamin Von Wong, who is a movie director. He made a small movie on Eliza called Saving Eliza and uploaded it over social media websites. The movie gained a lot of attention and raised a donation of $380,000 through crowdfunding. Currently, the crowdfunding page of Eliza has raised more than $1.8 million for h er treatment[8]. Legal Structure of Crowdfunding in Australia Crowdfunding is a fairly modern method of raising funding in Australia. The government is adopting the regulation of crowdfunding slowly by passing the act for crowdfunding on 28th March 2017. The Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Act 2017[9] introduced various new guideline issued by Australian government regarding crowdfunding. This act amended Corporations Act 2001 and added various new principles regarding crowdfunding for small corporations. This act also added few new regulations in Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001. The new amendments regarding crowdsourcing have changed the procedure of Australian market license, by providing various exemptions to the market operators[10]. This act is applied over unlisted organisations with a yearly turnover and asset value lower than $25 million. The organisations that are not subsidiary or related to other listed corporations are also covered under this act. The act gives these organisations right to raise funding up to $5 million through the crowdfunding procedure in a year. The new act also provided regulations regarding new disclosure system which dismissed the requirement of some corporate social responsibility procedures and made the process easier for the organisation. A proposal document and online platform should be mentions in the offer of crowdfunding. All the necessary details regarding the crowdfunding offer must be included in the proposal document. Small scale investors have right to invest ten thousand dollars in crowdfunding projects. The investors must accept the risk of crowdfunding process in five days. The investment of wholesale investors was restricted by the new act of crowdsourcing. The wholesale investors can invest a certain amount of capital in one particular crowdfunding project. But the act does not restrict the number of projects in which wholesale investors can invest[11]. There is no such limit available in crowdfunding regulations of other countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom[12]. The lack of limits assists entrepreneurs to raise a large amount of investment for their projects. The Australian regulations are strict than other countries regarding the crowdfunding procedures. After passing the act for crowdfunding, the government received a large amount of criticism from start-ups and market experts. The limit provided by Australian act limits the possibilities of large funding for individual projects[13]. Other countries such as the United States, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom have more open and easier regulations regarding the crowdfunding procedure. In united states, the crowdfunding procedure is used by entrepreneurs to raise funding for their different and unique business ideas. For example, Oculus Rift raised an investment of $2.5 million through crowdfunding by using Kickstarter website. In 2014, Facebook bought Oculus Rift for $2 billion and it is still one of the biggest examples of crowdfunding success[14]. The amount rises through crowdfunding in 2015 was more than $34.4 billion worldwide. Australia can adopt the policies of other countries to improve their procedure of crowdfunding. The policies adopted by the Australian government is definitely a step forward in the improvement of crowdfunding procedure but there is still room for significant improvement. The regulations adopted by Australia does not benefit small entrepreneurs, as compared to other countries[15]. Th e restriction imposed by Australian government restrict small entrepreneurs from using crowdfunding for raising investment for their projects. Howard Jones can use either crowdfunding method or other traditional methods for raising funding for his idea. For Howard Jones, crowdfunding is a better method for raising investment then compared to other traditional sources. Other traditional sources limit the control of Howard Jones from his own project since they are large corporations, and they prefer to do work according to them. But in case of crowdfunding, Howard Jones would have the ability to control the decision of his projects. Although the regulations of the Australian act have imposed various restrictions on the crowdfunding procedure, still it is a far better option than other traditional investment sources. Conclusion The above essay concluded that crowdfunding assists small entrepreneurs and businesses to raise funding for their ideas through small financiers. It can be used for business as well as charitable purposes. In different countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, crowdfundings popularity has grown significantly. Many small entrepreneurs and organisations are using it to raise funding for their unique and creative ideas. Australia has implemented the regulations of crowdfunding but there is still room for improvement. Most of the entrepreneurs and market experts are not satisfied with the Australian regulations, but it is still a positive option for small entrepreneurs. Howard Jones can have various advantage if he decided to raise investment through crowdfunding processes such as lack of stress from a large corporation and more control on the project. The small business in Australian economy has the opportunity to expand their business by using crowdfunding as a route to raise investment. References Beatty, Andrea, et al. "Crowdfunding to take-off in Australia?."Governance Directions67.2 (2015): 100. Belleflamme, Paul, Thomas Lambert, and Armin Schwienbacher. "Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd."Journal of business venturing29.5 (2014): 585-609. English, Rebecca. "Rent-a-crowd? Crowdfunding academic research."First Monday19.1 (2013). Fitzpatrick, Jeff, et al. Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. Giones, Ferran, and Pyayt Oo. "How Crowdsourcing and Crowdfunding are Redefining Innovation Management."Revolution of Innovation Management. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. 43-70. Isac, Claudia. "CrowdfundingAn Alternative For Financing A Business."Annals of the University of Petrosani, Economics14.2 (2014): 133-140. Juredieu, Franck, and Sbastien Mayoux. "Crowdfunding Legal Framework: An International Analysis."International Perspectives on Crowdfunding: Positive, Normative and Critical Theory. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. 81-97. Kirby, Eleanor, and Shane Worner. "Crowd-funding: An infant industry growing fast."IOSCO, Madrid(2014). Laycock, Rebecca A.Crowdfunding and independent screen content production in Australia: A direct economic relationship between producer and audience. Diss. Queensland University of Technology, 2015. Malouta, Parthena Maria. "Legal aspects of crowdfunding." (2017). Pearson, Gail. "Further challenges for Australian consumer law."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 287-305. Profatilov, Denis A., Olga N. Bykova, and Maria O. Olkhovskaya. "Crowdfunding: Online Charity or a Modern Tool for Innovative Projects Implementation?."Asian Social Science11.3 (2014): 146. Profatilov, Denis A., Olga N. Bykova, and Maria O. Olkhovskaya. "Crowdfunding: Online Charity or a Modern Tool for Innovative Projects Implementation?."Asian Social Science11.3 (2014): 146. Ralcheva, Aleksandrina, and Peter Roosenboom. "On the road to success in equity crowdfunding." (2016). Vitins, Matt. "Crowdfunding and Securities Laws: What the Americans are doing and the case for an Australian crowdfunding exemption."JL Inf. Sci.22 (2012): 92. [1] Rebecca A. Laycock.Crowdfunding and independent screen content production in Australia: A direct economic relationship between producer and audience. Diss. Queensland University of Technology, 2015. [2] Jeff Fitzpatrick, et al.Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. [3] Denis A. Profatilov, Olga N. Bykova, and Maria O. Olkhovskaya. "Crowdfunding: Online Charity or a Modern Tool for Innovative Projects Implementation?."Asian Social Science11.3 (2014): 146. [4] Aleksandrina Ralcheva, and Peter Roosenboom. "On the road to success in equity accounting." (2016). [5] Paul Belleflamme, Thomas Lambert, and Armin Schwienbacher. "Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd."Journal of business venturing29.5 (2014): 585-609. [6] Claudia Isac. "CrowdfundingAn Alternative For Financing A Business."Annals of the University of Petrosani, Economics14.2 (2014): 133-140. [7] Rebecca English. "Rent-a-crowd? Crowdfunding academic research."First Monday19.1 (2013). [8] Ferran Giones, and Pyayt Oo. "How Crowdsourcing and Crowdfunding are Redefining Innovation Management."Revolution of Innovation Management. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. 43-70. [9] Parthena Maria Malouta. "Legal aspects of crowdfunding." (2017). [10] Gail Pearson. "Further challenges for Australian consumer law."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 287-305. [11] Andrea Beatty, et al. "Crowdfunding to take-off in Australia?."Governance Directions67.2 (2015): 100. [12] Franck Juredieu, and Sbastien Mayoux. "Crowdfunding Legal Framework: An International Analysis?."International Perspectives on Crowdfunding: Positive, Normative and Critical Theory. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. 81-97. [13] Eleanor Kirby, and Shane Worner. "Crowd-funding: An infant industry growing fast."IOSCO, Madrid(2014). [14] Denis A. Profatilov, Olga N. Bykova, and Maria O. Olkhovskaya. "Crowdfunding: Online Charity or a Modern Tool for Innovative Projects Implementation?."Asian Social Science11.3 (2014): 146. [15] Matt Vitins. "Crowdfunding and Securities Laws: What the Americans are doing and the case for an Australian crowdfunding exemption."JL Inf. Sci.22 (2012):

Jfk Essays (176 words) - Education Reform, Standards-based Education

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Racisim essays

Racisim essays Henry David Thoreau, Fredrick Douglass and Martin Luther King, Jr. all had one thing in common; they all were looking for ways to increase awareness of civil rights for blacks and to abolish slavery and segregation. They all felt that the government was being unjust on the laws of segregation and that the government was more of a political government than a moral government. Henry David Thoreau, opened the door for civil rights activist in the centuries to come, by standing up to the laws he felt was unjust. His ability to proclaim that the government was being unjust to the slaves and likewise their freedom-was done in enormous steps, by taking a stand for what he believed in. Thoreau was an educated man and prominent among the Transcendentalists, who were a group of writers and thinkers, which believed in something that goes beyond materialism. He all but denies his idealism in Civil Disobedience, however while spending a night in jail; he realizes he cannot quietly accept his governments behavior in regards to slavery. After his stay in jail, he then starts keeping a journal and continues the journal throughout his life, which eventually he was convinced that he was an excellent writer and he could earn a living from this. However, he made more money from lecturing on the lyceum circuit, a popular proving ground for speakers interested in promoting their ideas. In Civil Disobedience, Thoreau expresses his deep disgust with the government, a government that is not totally just, moral and respectful of an individual; a government, which is more interested in running people like machines then as humans, whether this be whites or blacks. He talks about not being able to call a government his that is also the slaves government. One of his most famous quotes is That government is best which ...

Taxonomy essays

Taxonomy essays Taxonomy is a branch of biology that pertains to the classification of organisms and their natural relationship to one another. There are seven categories: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, and Species. Carlos Linnaeus designed this system. In this paper, I will describe the five different kingdoms. The first Kingdom is Eubacteria. This Kingdom was changed form Monera to Eubacteris just a few years ago. Eubacteria organisms are mainly bacteria and cyan bacteria. Bacteria are the most primitive form of life. Eubacteria have no nuclei and the D.N.A. consists only of a double helix. They do not reproduce by the process of meiosis or mitosis. The second Kingdom is Protista. Protista are more advanced than bacteria. Protists are microscopic organisms found almost anywhere that is moist. They are unicellular or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do have a nuclear membrane and reproduce by way of meiosis and mitosis. A few protests are responsible for disease such as malaria. Fungi is the third Kingdom. Fungi mainly consist of molds, yeasts, mildew, and mushrooms. Fungi cannot produce their own food. They must absorb their nutrition from other living or non-living species. They are composed of filaments called hyphae. These organisms reproduce by spores, which can be either sexually or asexually produced. The fourth Kingdom is Plantae. Plants are multicellular organisms such as regular land plants, trees, and shrubs. Plants contain celluose in their cell walls, which is what gives the plant strength. Most plants contain chlorophyll in their chloroplasts, which aids in the process of photosynthesis. Most plants are immobile. Plants are autotrophic which means they are able make their own food. The last Kingdom is Animalia. Animals include organisms such as humans, cats, dogs, and beetles. Animals are multicellular and most are able to move. All anim ...

This assignment is for a book review, not simply a book report. You Essay

This assignment is for a book review, not simply a book report. You will be expected to analyze and critique the book in additi - Essay Example Because of its stark telling of events, and its refusal to shy away from the darker moments of American history, the book Coming of Age in Mississippi should be required reading for anybody who wants to really understand what it was like for America to arrive at a time when people are more or less treated equally. The book is organized into four different sections, each one of which tells about a different time in Moody's life. There is one for her childhood, one for high school, one for when she was in college, and the last section is about her time in the civil rights movement trying to get the vote and other rights for African-Americans. Moody's childhood was not exactly happy, as her mother was poor and her abusive father left them. She had to work from an early age after school just so her family could afford food. In high school, things do not get much better as one of the boys she knows is killed by the Klu Klux Klan and she has to continue working, often for white people who do not treat her much better than they would treat a slave. Because of all this harsh treatment in her youth, Moody shows that she started to get way too interested in things like the KKK and lynchings and racial inequality. Many of her friends and family did not like this in her and that made things even more stressful. Moody was able to get a scholarship to play basketball in college and so is able to get a good higher education. It is during her college years that she decides to join the NAACP, which only makes her relationship with her family worse. This is because she and her family all start to receive threats from the various white people they know. The last part of the book is kind of redeeming and depressing at the same time. Moody joins the civil rights movement and goes to rural parts of the south to try and convince African-Americans to register to vote so they can get treated equally. Interestingly even here Moody is seen as sometimes too serious, and she does not neces sarily get along all the time with the other people in the movement. The end of the book is the most depressing part. Moody is on a bus going to Washington with a bunch of other activists and while they sing about how they shall eventually overcome oppression, she does not join in. She thinks of the violence and hatred in the south, and wonders if it will ever be over and if the movement will ever really have succeeded at what it set out to do by trying to get equality. The book Coming of Age in Mississippi, despite its depressing ending and much of the distressing events in it, really moved me as a person. I think of all the violence that African-Americans had to endure here in America, and it makes me mad. It’s especially disturbing to me since I am from middle-class white Texas and have also lived in Mississippi. While I would like to think my neighbors would not be the same as the people in the book if they had lived in the time period Moody writes about it is impossible to know for sure. I’m sure that some African-Americans who live in the south today are still treated unequally, although I hope not to the same degree as in the book. Although I do think the book does a good job of showing the darker side of events, I feel like there is not really very much about the good things. I think it would have been

Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement Essay

Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement - Essay Example A search warrant is not an administrative function, it is a judicial act. In the United States, the issue of Search warrants is determined under Title 18 of the US Code. The law has been restated and extended under Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Each state can frame its own laws governing the issuance of search warrants. Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the provisions included in the Bill of Rights. The Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, and was originally designed as a response to the controversial writs of assistance, which were a significant factor behind the American Revolution. It is observed that , in US , of the of the 19.3 million traffic stops documented in the study, about 1.3 million motorists said they or their vehicle had been searched. In almost 90 percent of these searches, police found no evidence of a crime .As such, Fourth Amendment was made to protect the interest and rights of citizens and to prevent harassment to their personal life and property. It protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures, provides that a search warrant may be issued only on oath or affirmation that a crime was probably committed. The amendment applies only to governmental actors. It does not guarantee to people the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures conducted by private citizens or organizations. ... The Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, and was originally designed as a response to the controversial writs of assistance, which were a significant factor behind the American Revolution. It is observed that , in US , of the of the 19.3 million traffic stops documented in the study, about 1.3 million motorists said they or their vehicle had been searched. In almost 90 percent of these searches, police found no evidence of a crime .As such, Fourth Amendment was made to protect the interest and rights of citizens and to prevent harassment to their personal life and property. It protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures, provides that a search warrant may be issued only on oath or affirmation that a crime was probably committed.The amendment applies only to governmental actors. It does not guarantee to people the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures conducted by private citizens or organizations. More specifically, the Bill of Rights only restricts the power of the federal government, but the Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the Fourth Amendment is applicable to state governments by operation of the Fourteenth Amen dment. Moreover, all state constitutions contain an analogous provision. For eg. Article 1, and 7 of the Tennessee Constitution. Under the Fourth Amendment , searches must be "reasonable" and " specific". This means that a search warrant must be specific as to the specified object to be searched for and the place to be searched. Fourth Amendment protects citizens from physical entry to the home by search officials. It applies equally whether the police enter a home to

Culture and Social Structure Essay Example for Free

Culture and Social Structure Essay Culture is a difficult thing to strictly define. Such a large variety of societal aspects fall under its realm, that its sometimes complicated to draw a line between what is part of a culture and what is not. To put it in extremely vague terms, culture is a way of life. All the traits that make up a particular society, from religious beliefs to modes of dress to art to methods of farming, build up a culture. Culture includes the good and the bad, the old and the new, the strong and the weak essentially it includes everything. Many varieties of cultures exist. There are the obvious ethnic cultures African-American culture, Latino culture, Greek culture, etc., each with their own foods, art, religion, familial roles, and values. American culture, for example, is generally considered to be relaxed apple pie, blue jeans, baseball and the like. Family roles are not set in stone, there is freedom to choose a religion based on ones own comfort (or choose no religion at all), and while a certain level of morality is maintained, values are generally loose. Compare this to the culture of the remote parts of India. There, a woman is required to serve her husband and his family, even after his death. They are very devout, and there is only one religion to choose from. They are held to a strict moral code, and anyone who violates this code is considered an outcast. There are many other ways to consider culture. There is the culture of a particular age group. A septuagenarian has a way of life very different than that of a teenager. His music, dress, beliefs, and goals are generally dissimilar to those of his younger counterpart. Or there is the culture of a particular time period. Pre-historic culture is, through modern inventions and human development, very different than the culture of today. A very important part of any culture is the social structure within. The social structure is essentially the roles or positions that particular individuals or groups in a culture fall into. For example, in the American culture, the President takes on a leadership role, those in the armed forces take on a protective role, and everyday citizens take on the responsibility of keeping the economy alive. On a much smaller scale, the social structure exists within a family as well. In your typical family, the mother takes on a nurturing position, while the father takes on the responsibility of earning money and providing for the others. Similarly, on a sports team, the coach is the leader, charged with guiding and motivating his players. The players themselves are responsible for putting forth their best effort and taking the team as far as it can go. While culture can be hard to define using words, one need only look around to experience everything that culture contains. Ones everyday life is culture, from the worldwide culture that everyone lives in, down to the personal culture of ones own house. Each person has a role in many different social structures, and each role is genuinely important. It is these roles, in these social structures that make up every part of every culture.

Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers

Pearl Harbor was certainly one of the most dramatic turning points in United States history, with all the elements that go along with an epic drama: heroes, villains, propaganda and conspiracy theories. It propelled the country from an isolationist continent into the spotlight on the world stage. World War II changed the way the world viewed the United States and how Americans viewed themselves. As a result of Pearl Harbor and the war the United States accepted the predominant world leadership role. The tragedy of Pearl Harbor shocked and united the American people into a singular purpose and goal to a greater extent than any other event before or since. As Americans awoke on a lazy Sunday morning in paradise, little did they know that within a few short minutes their lives would be changed forever. Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen watched in horror as the United States fleet including the mighty dreadnoughts burned and sank to the bottom of the shallow blue harbor. The calamity incited mass chaos and confusion. Numerous false rumors were spread including that Japanese paratroopers were invading Hawaii and that follow-on assaults were imminent. Above all, no one knew how to react since this was the first time since the War of 1812 that Americans were attacked on their own soil. As the nation was just recovering from the Great Depression, with optimism in the horizon the American people really had no desires to involve themselves in foreign wars. However President Franklin Roosevelt was aware of the actions taking place in Europe and Asia and could foresee the United States inevitable danger to the free world if the United States didn't take a stand in the war. While Americans favored neutrality the United States administration knew that it would only be a matter of time until the United States would enter the war. The convenient timing of Pearl Harbor allowed Roosevelt's unhindered pursuit of his interventionist agenda. This along with certain details, such as the lack of aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor, led some to believe Roosevelt had forewarning of the attack and intentionally provoked the Japanese to open the backdoor to war. Twenty three hours after the initial aggression, Roosevelt declared war and ensured that, "This day will live in infamy†¦" in his address to Congress. In the end Americans pulled through and became their own heroes; Admiral Yamamoto's made a prophetic remark shortly after December 7, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve". Pearl Harbor :: essays research papers Pearl Harbor was certainly one of the most dramatic turning points in United States history, with all the elements that go along with an epic drama: heroes, villains, propaganda and conspiracy theories. It propelled the country from an isolationist continent into the spotlight on the world stage. World War II changed the way the world viewed the United States and how Americans viewed themselves. As a result of Pearl Harbor and the war the United States accepted the predominant world leadership role. The tragedy of Pearl Harbor shocked and united the American people into a singular purpose and goal to a greater extent than any other event before or since. As Americans awoke on a lazy Sunday morning in paradise, little did they know that within a few short minutes their lives would be changed forever. Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen watched in horror as the United States fleet including the mighty dreadnoughts burned and sank to the bottom of the shallow blue harbor. The calamity incited mass chaos and confusion. Numerous false rumors were spread including that Japanese paratroopers were invading Hawaii and that follow-on assaults were imminent. Above all, no one knew how to react since this was the first time since the War of 1812 that Americans were attacked on their own soil. As the nation was just recovering from the Great Depression, with optimism in the horizon the American people really had no desires to involve themselves in foreign wars. However President Franklin Roosevelt was aware of the actions taking place in Europe and Asia and could foresee the United States inevitable danger to the free world if the United States didn't take a stand in the war. While Americans favored neutrality the United States administration knew that it would only be a matter of time until the United States would enter the war. The convenient timing of Pearl Harbor allowed Roosevelt's unhindered pursuit of his interventionist agenda. This along with certain details, such as the lack of aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor, led some to believe Roosevelt had forewarning of the attack and intentionally provoked the Japanese to open the backdoor to war. Twenty three hours after the initial aggression, Roosevelt declared war and ensured that, "This day will live in infamy†¦" in his address to Congress. In the end Americans pulled through and became their own heroes; Admiral Yamamoto's made a prophetic remark shortly after December 7, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve".

How Assumptions Influence Our Behavior Essay

Assumption analysis describes the activity adults engage in to bring to awareness beliefs, values, cultural practices, and social structures regulating behavior and to assess their impact on daily activities. Assumptions may be paradigmatic, prescriptive, or causal (Brookfield 1995). Assumptions structure our way of seeing reality, govern our behavior, and describe how relationships should be ordered. Assumption analysis as a first step in the critical reflection process makes explicit our taken-for-granted notions of reality. Contextual awareness is achieved when adult learners come to realize that their assumptions are socially and personally created in a specific historical and cultural context. Imaginative speculation provides an opportunity for adults to challenge prevailing ways of knowing and acting by imagining alternative ways of thinking about phenomena (Cranton 1996). The outcome of assumption analysis, contextual awareness, and imaginative speculation is reflective skepticism-the questioning of any universal truth claims or unexamined patterns of interaction. Former president Ronald Reagan simply assumed that everyone he encountered would like him; this belief was part of the fabric of his personality. The results were intriguing, in that even his enemies were attracted to him socially. His arch-nemesis in Congress, Democratic leader Thomas â€Å"Tip† O’Neil, commented that while he hated Reagan’s policies, on the personal level, â€Å"I find it impossible to dislike the guy.† At the other extreme, premature cognitive commitments too often work against us. A childhood friend, whom I considered brilliant when we were kids, in his mid-forties confessed to me that he had lived beneath his potential for much of his life. In sixth grade, he explained, his teacher belittled his work in such a way that it left him convinced he was incapable of academic learning. That conviction, which he carried throughout his teenage years and into adulthood, caused him to avoid challenging courses in junior high and high school, to stay away from college, and to settle for a job that didn’t tap his capabilities well. Only now was he beginning to revisit that assumption, and to realize just how greatly it had restricted his choices (Smith 2004). Becoming fully aware of our default assumptions can take work, reflection and determination, and the help of a counselor or trusted friend can be invaluable in the process. Yet the task is typically not Herculean either. If our negative expectations spring from a traumatic past experience, to be sure, the task of uncovering repressed memories may be painful, and may require special help. This is the extreme case, though. References Brookfield, S. (1995) Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass, Cranton, P, (1996) Professional Development as Transformative Learning: New Perspectives for Teachers of Adults. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Smith, Blaine M (2004) Reshaping Assumptions That Shape Our Life: Damascus, MD

Essay of dream act Essay

Course Description: This course is an examination of the underlying theoretical principles of developmentally appropriate practices applied to programs, environments, emphasizing the key role of relationships, constructive adult-child interactions, and teaching strategies in supporting physical, social, creative and intellectual development for all children. This course includes a review of the historical roots of early childhood programs and the evolution of the professional practices promoting advocacy, ethics and professional identity. Course Objectives: upon successful completion of this course students will- a. Identify the historical roots of early childhood education. b. List different program types, delivery systems and licensing and regulation structures in early childhood settings. c. Demonstrate awareness of developmental ages and stages. d. Define developmentally, culturally and linguistically appropriate practice. e. Describe why access to play is important for all children and ways of using a play-based curriculum as a vehicle for developing skills, dispositions, and knowledge. f. Describe appropriate adaptations (programmatic, curricular and environmental strategies) needed to support children with diverse abilities and characteristics. g. Identify and compare effective policies, practices and environments in early childhood settings. h. Describe the characteristics of effective relationships and interactions between early childhood professionals, children, families and colleagues and examine the importance of collaboration. i. Describe the relationship of  observation, planning, implementation, and assessment in effective programming. j. Compare and contrast principles of positive guidance and identify strategies for different ages. k. Identify practices promoting positive classroom management, guidance, communication and problem-solving skills. l. Develop strategies to maintain communication and access with English language learning families and children. m. Demonstrate skills to maintain positive team relations. n. Explain child development as a profession, including ethics and professional organizations. o. Compare and contrast theoretical perspectives. p. Develop and articulate a professional philosophy. Student Learning Outcomes: 1. Examine the value of play as a vehicle for developing skills, knowledge, dispositions and strengthening relationships among young children. 2. Analyze the relationship between observation, planning, implementation and assessment in developing effective teaching strategies and positive learning and development. 3. Assess early childhood settings, curriculum and teaching strategies utilizing indicators of quality early childhood practice that support all children including those with diverse characteristics and their families. 4. Interpret best and promising teaching and care practices as defined within the field of early care and education including an historic overview, range of delivery systems, program philosophies and ethical standards. 5. Identify the underlying theoretical perspective in forming a professional philosophy. 6. Examine a variety of guidance and interaction strategies to increase children’s social competence and promote a caring classroom community. This Course Meets NAEYC Early Childhood Associate Degree Accreditation Standard 5: Becoming a Professional- Students prepared in associate degree programs identify and conduct themselves as members of the early childhood profession. They know and use ethical guidelines and other professional standards related to early childhood practice. They are continuous, collaborative learners who demonstrate knowledgeable, reflective, and critical perspectives on their work, making informed decisions that  integrate knowledge from a variety of sources. They are informed advocates for sound educational practices and policies. Attendance and Participation: Students are expected to attend all class meetings. As future ECE professionals, students must demonstrate the commitment to professional standards through good attendance and punctuality. Please arrive on time and do not leave early. It reflects badly on you and you will miss important class materials. Attendance and participation are vital to success in this, or any other college-level course. Students may not make up in-class activities, nor may they complete those activities early. Journal writing is completed and in-class points are recorded at different times throughout the class session. If you are unable to attend the full class session regularly, you should arrange to take another section of this class. It is always the student’s responsibility to acquire class materials for any missed class time. DO NOT phone or email the instructor for missed class materials. Towards this end, students are encouraged to obtain a â€Å"phone or email buddy†, get the number or email address of a classmate and agree to share information when one or the other is absent. This instructor makes use of BlackBoard. All assignments and handouts are available via our course shell and some assignments may be submitted in BlackBoard as well. Students who miss the first class without notifying the instructor will be dropped. Excessive absences (more than 2) may result in the student being dropped from the class. However, students should not assume that poor attendance will automatically result in a Withdrawal. It is the student’s responsibility to contact Enrollment Services and the instructor to arrange to drop a course. Students learn best when they feel comfortable and â€Å"safe† . To this end, each student will be expected to come to class prepared, to be courteous of fellow classmates, and to actively participate in the learning process. This means that you will have read the material in preparation for discussion in class and will bring questions and comments about assignments to class. Students who are active learners do best in all academic arenas and are best prepared to teach young children how to be active learners. If any student has a problem, question, concern, and/or special learning need, it is expected that these will be discussed, in private, with the instructor. Note: This college abides by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation  Act of 1973 that stipulates that no student shall be denied the benefits of an education â€Å"solely by reason of a handicap†. If you have a documented disability, which limits a major life activity that may have some impact on your work in this class and for which you may require accommodation, please discuss that with your instructor during the first two weeks of class. In addition, please seek the support of the Disabled Students Programs and Services at 773-2535 –so that appropriate accommodations may be arranged. Classroom Routines and Expectations: Each day class will follow the same routine with some variations for special class trips or projects. When you enter the classroom, please check in with the instructor. Pick up your folder and remove any graded work. Keep your folder with you until the end of the class session. Place any work to be graded in the folder and return it to the instructor prior to leaving. We will have a short â€Å"meeting† to clarify the class objectives and tasks for the day. After meeting students will have one to one and a half hours of self-directed work time. During this time students may complete chapter reading, work on individual papers or projects, work on group papers or projects (quietly so that those working on individual projects are not disturbed). During the self-directed portion of class, each student will meet with the instructor for 5-10 minutes. This is the time to address questions, concerns, or problems that you are not comfortable discussing in the large class. During the class schedule there will be tasks set up for each group/individual to complete. All tasks must be completed each class session for full points. Prior to leaving for the day, there will be a large group discussion and time for questions at the end of class each day. Turn in your folder with any work to be graded prior to leaving for the day. Assignments and Grades: Assignment Points Possible Total Points Earned Chapter Reflections Observations 7 @ 10 points each 5 @ 10 points each 70 50 Historical Project 1 2 10 points 10 Philosophy Statement Portfolio In Class Work 1 @ 10 points 1 @ 10 points 10 @ 5 points each 10 10 50 Grade Scale: 200-180=A 179-160= B 159-140=C 139-120=D 119-0=F Instructor Expectations: One of the goals of this class is to prepare students to be successful professionals. Part of having a successful image is the ability to produce neat, legible, coherent, grammatically correct, and thorough written materials. To allow anything less is to improperly prepare students for their upcoming careers. Note: It will be impossible for students to earn an â€Å"A† on any work not demonstrating college-level writing standards, regardless of the quality of the content. (See attached sheet for clarification of college level writing standards.) The instructor will spend time and energy in class working on papers, PowerPoint, and presentations so that you can turn in your best work. Student Responsibilities: It is recommended that students make copies of all assignments before they are turned in and that each graded assignment be retained after it has been returned. (It is rare that assignments get lost or grades incorrectly recorded, but this practice will assure grade accuracy). Students need to keep track of their grades/progress to ensure accuracy. Grades are posted in Blackboard and student must track grades as they are earned. If you observe an error, bring it to the instructor as soon as possible. Bring the graded paper to the instructor; grades are not changed upon your word alone. Students are welcome to meet privately with the instructor to discuss their progress. Student Handbook and other important information: The Student Conduct Standards for student behavior are outlined in the college catalog. All students are expected to know and adhere to the conduct standards. Students who are disruptive to the instructor or other students, insubordinate, demeaning or threatening through verbal or physical means will be expelled from class and the instructor will institute college disciplinary action against such students. Be Courteous: Turn off cell phones while in class. Do not take calls or text. It is distracting to other students and to you! If there is an emergency so dire that you must be on-call, please put your phone on vibrate and leave the room to take a call. Do not engage in side discussions during class. It is likewise distracting to those around you. For the optimal grade, focus your time and energy on the classroom experience. Final Note: Although your instructor is sympathetic to the difficulties that students who are also parents encounter as they try to juggle the dual responsibilities that they shoulder, it is against COD policy to allow students to bring minor children to class (unless that child is enrolled in the course). Please make arrangements for back-up child care for the â€Å"last minute emergencies† that are bound to occur. Thank you. Early Childhood Education Obligation of Confidentiality As a student in the Early Childhood Education program, I, ________________________ Agree to respect and maintain the commitment to children, families, colleagues, and community as set forth in the National Association for the Education of Young Children’s (NAEYC) Code of Ethical Conduct. AS a major component of this commitment I agree to respect the right to privacy of children, their families, ECE colleagues, and programs by not disclosing any knowledge, records, or other confidential information to anyone. This means that I will not discuss, repeat, or share information about children, families, colleagues, and programs outside of class or directed assignments. I may share information that is pertinent to classroom discussions regarding quality programming, as long as all identities (individual and program) are protected. I will abide by this obligation of confidentiality and recognize that unauthorized release of confidential information may make me subject to a civil actio n under the provisions of the Welfare and Institutions Code. Signed:_______________________________________ Date:_________________________________________ College Level Writing Standards As you complete your work, review the following questions: Presentation: Is your paper typed (12 pt. font), double-spaced, and have 1† margins? Do you include a properly formatted cover sheet? Does your paper use Times New Roman, Arial, or other standard font? Ink color is black. Grading Rubric is attached. Writing: Is your paper well organized? Does your response have a clear plan? Is it developed logically? Is there an introduction and a conclusion? Are the paragraphs linked with transitional devices? Are the paragraphs organized? Do they contain topic sentences? Is the material in each paragraph relevant to the topic sentence? Have you checked the mechanics of your writing? Are the responses free of spelling errors? Does the punctuation help with clarity of thought? Is capitalization used correctly? Are the responses free of sentence errors? Are the responses free of subject-verb agreement errors? Other: Is the vocabulary you have used college-level? (Hint: it probably is if it reflects the vocabulary used by the instructor and/or the text) Are the words used accurately? Are the sentences varied in length and type? Content: Are there original insights provided? Are course concepts applied well? Have you provided evidence to support your conclusions? (In other words, have you demonstrated that you understand the course material and that you are able to effectively apply it to the â€Å"real world†.) Criteria: Format The student has properly formatted the paper with a cover sheet, Times New Roman, Arial, or other appropriate font. Ink color is black. Student used approved APA format and paper conforms to the minimal essentials of Standard American English grammar, word choice, spelling, and punctuation. 25% Comments: Criteria: Purpose/Audience The student has clearly delineated the purpose and audience for the paper by means of a clear focus. Student has created an adequate focus for the paper that is managed and developed appropriately for the assignment. Statement of purpose and subtopics are clearly organized to create a smooth presentation. Judgments and assertions are substantiated with evidence drawn from research. 25% Comments: Criteria: Argument/Analysis/Thesis Student demonstrates analytical skills by adequately expanding on the topic. Paper is neither too short, nor too long for the assignment The paper focuses on the presentation by means of a clear statement of purpose and logically organized subtopic paragraphs. The writer substantiates judgments and assertions with specific illustrations, facts, and evidence drawn from research appropriate to the assignment and to the discipline. 25% Comments: Criteria: Scholarship The writer has added to the on-going discussion of the topic with his or her own critical analysis, rather than simply repeating what others have said through quotation stacking, paraphrasing, or summaries. The writer draws upon research when necessary to support critical analysis or assertions made and properly acknowledges the work of others by using proper APA documentation format. 25% Comments: Criteria: Extra Credit Points (no more than 10 % of total grade) Student has provided at least one carefully proofread and documented draft. Documentation is an attached form from the Writing Center, completed at least 24 hours prior to due date. Points Earned: Comments: Final Comments: Grade: Calendar and Due Dates: ECE 001 Section 2210 EVC Date: Topic In Class Work Assignments Due Weekend Homework Week One 08/26- Welcome 08/26- Review Syllabus, Complete Station to Station Activity 08/26-Station to Station Card. Get text if you don’t already have it. Read chapter one, The Teacher by 09/09. Week Two 09/09- The Teacher 09/09- Review Chapter One: The Teacher 09/09-Chapter One Reflection Read Chapter Two by 09/16 Week Three 09/16- The Field 09/16-Careers and Programs. Licensing and Standards 09/16-Chapter Two Reflection Read Chapter Three prior to 09/23 Week Four 09/23-History and Models 09/23- History and Educational Models, in class work. In Class work only Read Chapter Eight and review the Observation Packet. Make appointments for four observations. Week Five 09/30-McCarthy Center Observation Meet at Palm Desert Campus by 1:00 pm. Room West Annex 1. Observation at McCarthy Center. Schedule of Observations. Complete Observation Essay and Packet, Due 10/07. Read Chapter Four and Five by 10/07. Week Six 10/08-Observing And Assessing 10/10-Child Development 10/07-Observing and Playing – Make a child 10/10-Chapter Four Reflection Read Chapter Six and complete reflection. Week Seven 10/14-Guidance 10/14-Guidance PPT 10/14-Chapter Six Reflection Read Chapter Seven. Week Eight 10/21- Health and Safety 10/21-Is this place clean and safe? 10/21-Observation #2 packet and summary Read Chapter Nine and Complete Reflection Week Nine 10/28-Play!! 10/28-The importance of Play to Healthy Development and Learning 10/28-Chapter Nine Reflection Read Chapter Ten and Eleven Week Ten 11/04-Curriculum Planning 11/04-Curriculum Planning, Curriculum Models and DAP 11/04-Observation #3 packet and summary Read Chapter Twelve and complete Reflection Week Eleven 11/18-Inclusion and Universal Design 11/18- Inclusion of all children Universal Design for Learning 11/18- Chapter Twelve Reflection Read Chapter Thirteen and complete Reflection Week Twelve 11/25- Working with Families In class work only 11/18-Observation #4 packet and summary Chapter Thirteen Reflection Read Chapter Fourteen and begin Philosophy Statement and Education Plan Week Thirteen 12/02-Becoming a Professional 11/25- Philosophies and Education Plans Drafts of Philosophy Statements and Education Plans Complete Philosophy Statement; be sure it reflects your best work. Week Fourteen 12/09-Review of Important Class points 12/09-Becoming a Professional. Complete final work in class. 12/09- Philosophy Statement Complete Observation #5 and Education Plan/Portfolio Week Fifteen 12/16- Final – Wrapping it up. 12/16- What we learned in this class. Present education plan 12/16-Observation #5 packet and summary. Education Plan and Portfolio

Tarpan - Facts and Figures

Tarpan - Facts and Figures Name: Tarpan; also known as Equus ferus ferus Habitat: Plains of Eurasia Historical Period: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-100 years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet tall and 1,000 pounds Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; long, shaggy coat About the Tarpan The genus Equuswhich comprises modern horses, zebras and donkeysevolved from its prehistoric horse forebears a few million years ago, and flourished in both North and South America and (after some populations crossed the Bering land bridge) Eurasia. During the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, the North and South American Equus species went extinct, leaving their Eurasian cousins to propagate the breed. Thats where the Tarpan, also known as Equus ferus ferus, comes in: it was this shaggy, ill-tempered horse that was domesticated by the early human settlers of Eurasia, leading directly to the modern horse. (See a slideshow of 10 Recently Extinct Horses.) Somewhat surprisingly, the Tarpan managed to survive well into historical times; even after millennia of interbreeding with modern horses, a few pure-bred individuals roamed the plains of Eurasia as late as the early 20th century, the last one dying in captivity (in Russia) in 1909. In the early 1930sperhaps inspired by other, less ethical eugenics experimentsGerman scientists attempted to re-breed the Tarpan, producing what is now known as the Heck Horse. A few years earlier, authorities in Poland also tried to resurrect the Tarpan by breeding horses with noticeably Tarpan-like traits; that early effort in de-extinction ended in failure.

Major Gods and Goddesses of the World

Major Gods and Goddesses of the World In the ancient world, most cultures had many gods and goddesses. Natural phenomena like the sun, moon, thunder, and storms had their own deities who could be prayed to for help or offered sacrifices in order to influence their behavior. Human occupations like warfare, hunting and crafts had patron gods and goddesses associated with them. The stages of life, like childbirth and death, were often thought to be under the protection of specific gods, goddesses, or spirits. The most familiar of these for most of us in the west are those that come from the Greco-Roman myths, although the gods and goddess of the plentiful Hindu pantheon are still worshiped some five millennia later. Search for ancient gods and goddesses in two ways, by culture or alphabetically, by the name of the specific god or goddess. Lists of Gods and Goddesses by Culture or Geographic AreaWho Is Your Favorite God or Goddess? List of Individual Gods/Goddesses Alphabetically: - A - Agdistis or AngdistisAh PuchAhura MazdaAlberichAllahAmaterasuAnAnansiAnatAndvariAnsharAnuAphroditeApolloApsuAresArtemisAsclepiusAthenaAthiratAthtartAtlas   - B - BaalBa XianBacchusBalderBastBellonaBergelmirBesBixia YuanjinBragiBrahmaBrigit   - C - CamaxtliCeresCeridwenCernunnosChacChalchiuhtlicueCharunChemoshCheng-huangCybele   - D - DagonDamkina (Dumkina)DavlinDawnDemeterDianaDi CangDionysus   - E - EaElEnkiEnlilEosEponaEreskigal   - F - FarbautiFenrirForsetiFortunaFreyaFreyrFrigg   - G - GaiaGaneshaGangaGarudaGauriGebGeong SiGuanyin   - H - HadesHanumanHathorHecate (Hekate)HeliosHeng-o (Chang-o)HephaestusHeraHermesHestiaHodHoderiHooriHorusHoteiHuitzilopochtliHsi-Wang-MuHygeia   - I - InannaIntiIrisIshtarIsisIxtabIzanakiIzanami   - J - JesusJunoJupiterJuturna   - K - KagutsuchiKartikeyaKhepriKiKinguKinich AhauKisharKrishnaKuan-yinKukulcanKvasir   - L - LakshmiLetoLizaLokiLughLuna - M - Magna MaterMaiaMardukMarsMazuMedbMercuryMimirMinervaMithrasMorriganMotMummuMuses   - N - NammuNannaNanna (Norse)NanseNeithNemesisNephthysNeptuneNergalNinazuNinhurzagNintuNinurtaNjordNuguaNut   - O - OdinOhkuninushiOhyamatsumiOrgelmirOsirisOstara   - P - PanParvatiPhaethonPhoebePhoebus ApolloPilumnusPoseidon   - Q - Quetzalcoatl   - R - RamaReRhea   - S - SabaziusSarasvatiSeleneShivaSeshatSeti (Set)ShamashShapsuShen YiShivaShuSi-Wang-MuSinSironaSolSuryaSusanoh   - T - TawaretTefnutTezcatlipocaThanatosThorThothTiamatTlalocTianhouTonatiuhToyo-Uke-BimeTycheTyr   - U - UtuUzume   - V - VediovisVenusVestaVishnuVolturnusVulcan   - X - XipeXi Wang-muXochipilliXochiquetzal   - Y - YamYarikhYhwhYmirYu-huangYum Kimil   - Z - Zeus More on Roman and Greek Mythology Greek MythologyAn introduction to and starting point for Greek myth. While the Romans did adopt many of the Greek gods and goddesses, there were plenty of uniquely Roman gods, goddesses, and other spirits and numina. These are lists of the Romans gods divided into categories. The Stories of Gods and MenMany of the ancient Greek myths tell stories about mortal Greek heroes aided by their gods. Gods, Goddesses, Other Immortals of Greek Mythology Moon Gods and Goddesses

Broken Window Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Broken Window Concept - Essay Example The evolution of policing in the United States has transcended over time for the ultimate goal of according protection to the general population. There were diverse strategies employed by public police forces aiming to improve security and safety, and to decrease the incidence of crime. One of the most commendable approaches introduced was the broken windows concept. In this regard, the objective of this essay is to proffer relevant and critical issues pertinent to the broken window concept of the policing field and its connection to social disorder as described by George L. Kelling James Wilson and George Kelling introduced the broken windows theory in their discourse of the same title published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1982. The authors examined a pattern in proliferation of crime and disorder using this theory. Accordingly, â€Å"if a window in a building is broken and left unrepaired, all the rest of the windows will soon be broken as well. The unrepaired window is a signal that no one cares and so breaking more windows will not result in official sanction. This type of vandalism can occur anywhere once the sense of mutual regard and the obligations of civility are lowered by actions that seem to signal a lack of common concern† (Orange News & Press, 2009, par. 3). The concept tries to analyze the effect and influence of wanton disregard for replacing order in the community to police enforcement of peace and order. Several scholars tried to test its validity using experiments and statistical data regression analysis over specified periods of time. The findings are diverse and interesting in the light is determining the direct relation of the broken windows theory to crime deterrence. The concept is actually grounded in philosophical and psychological theories of human behavior. According to a study conducted by Karim Kanji (n.d.) entitled The State of Broken Windows in New York, he specifically aimed to test the validity of the concept in relation to

How do you plan to keep current or obtain needed competencies for your Essay

How do you plan to keep current or obtain needed competencies for your career responsibilities - Essay Example This requires data entry, update, manipulation, interpretation and security. All of these are the functions of organizing. I have acquired the organizing competencies in my studies of science and management. In order to enhance my organizing competencies, I have been working as a veteran health administrator for quite some time now. In my work, I have to organize the work all the time. I know numerous softwares for data entry and manipulation, and am very good at it. Time management is one of the most important competencies of a public health administrator. Quite often, a public health administrator is required to work in a hurry. It becomes difficult to manage the time. One reason why I have started to work is to learn time management and I think, I have sufficiently achieved that purpose. In the start, I had a lot of difficulties managing the time, but now, I am able to do it very easily. I intend to enhance these skills through working and practicing more.

Kidney Function and Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kidney Function and Alcohol - Essay Example The first process, i.e. Ultrafiltration means filtration under immense pressure and takes place in the Bowman’s capsule. A hydrostatic pressure develops in the capsule because the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole owing to which water, glucose, amino acids, urea and salts enter the capsule from the glomerulus through podocytes (McNaught & Callander, 1975). The second process, i.e. Reabsorption helps to return useful constituents back into the blood stream. Reabsorption takes place in the convoluted tubules as well as in the Loop of Henle. Active Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule where entire glucose, sodium, potassium, uric acid and 75% water is reabsorbed. After this the liquid enters the Loop of Henle where further salts and water are again reabsorbed. Almost 80% of the water Reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule and the Loop of Henle by obligatory Reabsorption. It is during Reabsorption that a counter cu rrent mechanism occurs and the urine is made hypertonic by regular exchange of sodium ions between the limbs of the Loop of Henle. Next, the urine passes into the distal convoluted tubule where the Reabsorption of water is initiated by a hormone named ADH or Vasopressin. Vasopressin or ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland and play an important role in regulating the amount of urine formed. Absence of ADH in the distal convoluted tubule decreases Reabsorption of water and hence large amounts of urine is passed whereas increased amount of ADH, increases Reabsorption of water and the quantity of urine passed is much less. The last process is called Tubular secretion which takes place in the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting tubules. Tubular secretion is the opposite mechanism of tubular Reabsorption. Here, potassium ions are secreted to maintain the pH of the blood while sodium is reabsorbed by rennin-angiotensin mechanism (Dunn & Donnelly, 2008, pp79). After thi s the urine formed is voided through the urethra via the act of micturition. The kidneys not only help in elimination of harmful substances but also play an important role in maintaining blood volume. Kidneys are able to retain water and sodium, owing to hormone vasopressin and rennin-angiotensin mechanism help in regulating the blood volume too. Alcohol consumption is detrimental for the body in more ways than just one. It affects the liver, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system and is a major cause of disease such as liver cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, cancer etc (Barclay et al, 2008). Both chronic and acute alcohol consumption is known to have adverse effects on the body especially on the excretory system because it taxes the kidneys heavily. Alcohol consumption impairs the efficiency of the kidneys and disturbs the fluid and electrolytic balance of the body. It has been observed that within half an hour of alcohol consumption, urine is excreted. The increase d loss of fluid through urine excretion leads to concentration of the electrolytes present in the blood. This is in fact the major reason that causes dehydration in people who consume alcohol. We are already aware of the fact that urine output depends largely on Anti-Diuretic hormone or Vasopressin. Vasopressin induces fluid conservation by the kidneys thereby concentrating the urine output. In the absence of this effect, the kidneys fail to conserve any fluid because of

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay The Birth of a Monster Frankenstein can be [home-3. tiscali. nl] read as a tale of what happens when a man tries to create a child without a woman. It can, however, also be read as an account of a womans anxieties and insecurities about her own creative and reproductive capabilities. Among the deviations from the original book is the creation of the monster bride. In the book, the creation asks Victor Frankenstein to fashion a monster woman for him. He reluctantly agrees, but destroys the creature right before he is about to breathe life into it. However, in the film he goes through with his plan only after the monster murders Elizabeth on their wedding night by thrusting his hand into her chest and ripping out her heart [home-3. tiscali. nl]. Victor then takes Elizabeths body back to his laboratory, where he attaches her head to the exhumed body of Justine, the nanny. He then galvanizes this new body and brings Elizabeth back as a horrific bride. When the monster approaches thinking that the bride is meant for him, a stand-off occurs before the bride kills herself by fire [home-3. tiscali. nl]. Male Friendship in Jamess Short Stories Jamess short stories focus on the theme of male friendship [glbtq. com]. Texts like The Pupil (1890) portray relationships between older men and their proteges associations. The Beast in the Jungle (1903) comprises a case study of homosexual panic. Moreover, stories like The Jolly Corner (1908), which involves a protagonist who confronts himself as he might have been, had he not left America for a solitary existence in Europe. It dramatizes the ways in which the protagonist comes to embrace heterosexual love. This might suggest that Jamess portrayals of women suffer as a result of the privileged male relationships in his short stories. To a certain extent, this is true at the same time Jamess [glbtq. com]treatment of women is also skillful. This has led many feminist critics to applaud his representations of femininity. James did not support womens rights and was frequently quite dismissive of female writers but his female characters are among the most positively represented in British and American literature. In turn, although Jamess ambivalence toward gay love and lifestyles propels his fiction, his portrayals of male friendships are provocative and powerful. Indeed, the fated nature of these relationships testifies not only to Jamess inability to conceive of a space wherein homosexual love might be dramatized, it also points to the pall cast by the Wilde trials, wherein the specter of Oscar shadowed the comportment of many gay men of his age. James, caught within a myriad of conflicting cultural positionsan American living in Europe, a gay man living in a normative heterosexual worldwas able to channel his own marginality into literary texts that document the anxieties of his age, be they social, sexual, or cultural [glbtq. com]. Conclusion The Queer theory is a theory of sociology (or philosophy), which criticizes mainly the concept of gender, feminism, and the preconceived idea of genetic determinism in the sexual preference. Although homosexuality and queer practices are nothing new, the association between queer practices and deviancy is taking on new meaning in the modern world as queer community and queer culture becomes more apparent. Queer culture is not limited to queer sex. Queer culture, from an ideological standpoint, represents the queer community and its arts, lifestyles, institutions, writings, politics, relationships and everything else encompassed in culture. Queer culture in general is intertwining with the common normative culture, with people being exposed to the ideas of â€Å"gay pride† and becoming more educated about queer studies in schools and society. Reference: Barris, S[24/07/2007 ] GAINING THE RIGHT TO SPEAK AT THE UN http://www. ilga. org/news_results. asp? LanguageID=1FileID=1090FileCategory=44ZoneID=7 Coming Out as Transgender http://www. hrc. org/Content/NavigationMenu/Coming_Out/Get_Informed4/Coming_Out_as_Transgender/Coming_Out_as_Transgender.htm Commentaries on Seidman, Meeks and Traschen: `Beyond the Closet? : After the Closet Bech Sexualities. 1999; 2: 343-346 http://sexualities. sagepub. com/cgi/content/refs/2/3/343. â€Å"Epistemology of the closet†, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, in â€Å"The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader†, Routledge, New York, London, 1993 [italico da autora, sublinhados e gordos nossos] http://branconolilas. no. sapo. pt/sedgwick. htm Foucault: The History of Sexuality http://www. ipce. info/ipceweb/Library/history_of_sexuality. htm.

Aristotles Notion Of Body And Soul Essay -- essays research papers

Aristotele’s Notion of Body and Soul, and My opinion What is Aristotele’s notion of body and soul? According to Aristotle, everything in the world is divided between superior and inferior. Man is superior to the animals, the male to the female, and the soul to the body. â€Å"The soul is more noble than our possesions or our bodies';. Therefore, man should act through his soul, and not through his body. The soul services the greater good. If a man does not act from his soul, and thus lets his body rule the sole, he is not worthy of politics, and is a ‘natural slave’. A natural slave is born to slavery. For him slavery is â€Å"both expedient and right';, because they let the bodily pleasures, wants and lusts overrule rationality. The people who do let the soul rule over the body are in the ‘p...

A Prisoner’s Re-Entry into Society

Prisoner re-entry is a vitally important issue today which has yet to reach its full impact on the minds and lives of voters. However, with every passing year the importance of this topic becomes more evident. Since the eighties, every passing year has brought more pressure for harsher and longer imprisonment and more streamlined mandatory sentencing rules. This has not only resulted in an exploding prison population, but also in a drastic increase in the number of prisoners re-released into communities. Additionally, the push towards more punitive measures has decreased educational opportunities in prisons and the availability of rehabilitation programs. This means that released prisoners are increasingly unable to reintegrate into their communities, increasingly prone to recidivism, and increasingly violent in each release and re-capture cycle. Even the conservative Bush administration has recognized the threat posed by unprepared prisoner re-entry and responded with a series of grants to private and public organizations involved in rehabilitation and easing prisoner transitions. However, merely making government money available to private, religious, or state-based programs is not enough. These funds are only likely to reach a minority of prisoners who are already being aided by the aided programs. Prisoners whose communities and systems do not already take measures to help their rehabilitation will not be seeing any increase in re-entry programs or preparation. A nationwide set of standards is needed to assure that every prisoner eligible for re-release into the community will be inoculated against recidivism and prepared to become a useful part of the society in which they will reside. It is time for the Democratic Party to back away from the conservative model of crime prevention through fear and towards social responsible model of crime prevention through the creation of healthy communities. This can be done in large part by reforming the prison system from a gulag of social control and intimidation into a truly educational experience in which prisoners are put on a moderated track towards social responsibility, respect for the rights of others, and preparation to take a beneficial role in society. Joan Petersilia wrote an insightful book on this subject documenting a series of studies in crime and public policy, When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry. After presenting many pages of carefully documented research, Petersilia provided four suggestions for future reform which could drastically reduce recidivism and change returning prisoners from presenting a public threat to being a boon to society. These suggestions were as follows: 1. Alter the in-prison experience. Provide more education, work, and rehabilitation opportunities. Change the prison environment to promote life skills rather than violence and domination. 2. Change prison release and revocation practices. Institute a system of discretionary parole release that incorporates parole release guidelines. These parole guidelines should be based primarily on recidivism prediction. 3. Revise post-prison services and supervision. Incorporate better parole supervision classification systems, and target services and surveillance to those with high need and risk profiles. 4. Foster collaborations with the community and enhance mechanisms of informal social control. Develop partnerships with service providers, ex-convicts, law enforcement, family members, victim advocates, and neighborhoods to support the offender. (Petersilia) These suggestions represent the best Democratic policy towards reform of the prisoner re-entry system. Petersilia's book on the subject provides documentation about the efficacy of these recommendations and their necessity in the current environment. The remainder of this paper will focus on the precise laws, policies, and programs which may be recommended to promote the implementations of these suggestions. Petersilia's first recommendation is to alter the in-prison experience. This may not be the immediately evident response to prisoner re-entry, but evidence suggests it may in fact be the most important response. As Petersilia points out in a separate article on the â€Å"Challenges of Prisoner Reentry and Parole in California,† the reason that returning convicts pose such a threat is not merely that they are dangerous criminals returning to the communities that they originally victimized, but that their time in prison has in all likelihood increased the dangers they pose to civilians! It is common knowledge that non-violent and inexperienced criminals entering the prison system are likely to emerge being both violent and experienced due to the brutal conditions that exist in most prisons. Male (and female) rape is extremely common in the prison system, with estimates placed between 13-70% of inmates suffering unwanted sexual conduct. (HRW) Such brutal experiences lead many inmates to experience post traumatic stress disorder, which has been positively linked to increased violent tendencies. The degree of dehumanization and stress common in prison can cause other problems as well. â€Å"Mental illnesses, particularly chronic anxiety and depression, may be caused by incarceration. Psychologists believe that incarceration often breeds ‘global rage,' an impulsive and explosive anger so great that a minor incident can trigger an uncontrolled response.† (Petersilia, â€Å"Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) The Human Rights Watch's report on prison rape in America recommends several measures for preventing prison rape and brutality, and it is vital that policy focus on this aspect of the prison experience. In 2003 a bill was passed establishing a National Commission dedicated to studying prison rape, and several other measures to provide information and training regarding prison rape. However, these measures did not go far enough to assure that prison rape was both prosecuted and that victims received help and counseling. Neither mandatory prosecution nor counseling was included in the bill's measures. Though some constituents might hesitate to focus on preventing brutality to prisoners (indeed, if one pays close attention to the sorts of attitudes and jokes prevalent on crime shows such as Law and Order and NYPD Blue, many consumers may think that prison rape is a justifiable punishment for child abusers and pedophiles), it is important to remember that prison rape victims are likely to emerge with HIV and equally likely to become sexual abusers after their experiences even if they were not abusers before. Thus it is a public health and safety concern to prevent prison rape and other brutality between prisoners. The following policies should be instituted nationwide: 1. Division of prison population between violent and non-violent criminals, and between those who are eligible for parole and those who are not. (Parole-eligible prisoners have more incentive for good behavior) 2. Establishment of special court systems for prison population, mandatory investigation and prosecution of all incidents of hospitalization resulting from sexual assault, availability of independent prisoner-rights advocates, and segregation of all inmates convicted of prisoner-on-prisoner sexual assault to carefully regulated wards, and automatic termination for any employee convicted of sexual impropriety or battery of an inmate. 3. Mandatory counseling and AIDS testing for all prison brutality victims and the establishment of victim-positive protective custody arrangements. (Many victimized inmates are only offered solitary confinement as a protective arrangement, which generally means loss of other privileges and any human interaction, potentially worsening the trauma and decreasing reports) Condoms and retro-virus treatment should be made available to all AIDS/HIV positive inmates, so that future consensual prison relationships will be less likely to increase AIDS transmission. Additionally, the very arrangement of prisons tends to discourage personal responsibility and the development of positive social interactions. Petersilia describes how prison systems punish individual initiative and free-thought, and fail to prepare inmates for independence and responsibility within an open society. â€Å"When personal choice is eliminated, so is personal accountability because the system makes all decisions for prisoners.† (Petersilia, 184) A nationwide study should be undertaken regarding ways that personal choice and accountability can be safely established in prisons and a set of guidelines for national and private prisons should be developed based on the results of that study. Petersilia recommends some programs which have had success in the past which allow simple personal choice from requiring prisoners to decide for themselves when/how to clean their own cells, send their laundry to the cleaners, and so forth. Involving prisoners in some of the more mundane aspects of their confinement is likely to increase the sense of personal control and encourage responsibility. These changes should not be geared so much as ameliorating the punishment of prisoners as of assuring that the incarceration does not reduce their ability to function as a free person. One more important issue regarding prison experience is the availability of vocational and academic training. It is well known by those who study these issues that prisoners who are able to be employed after re-entry to society are significantly less likely to commit further crimes. Petersilia's second suggestion was to change prison release and revocation practices. The best recommendation for policy on this issue would be to adjust mandatory sentences so that they included the completion of certain educational and behavioral requirements. These adapted sentences would require the inmate to both complete a certain length of time and a set of release requirements to be established by a panel of experts on a case-by-case basis. These release requirements must be completed before the inmate was eligible either for parole or release based on time served. Requirements should include, as determined per individual case, mandatory counseling, addiction treatment, educational attainment, vocational studies, and good behavior. Petersilia points out that, based on prison records, recidivism predictions can be made that are 80% correct. Recidivism predictors should be made clear to inmates and they should be encouraged to work towards being eligible for release and parole. A nationwide set of guidelines regarding minimum achievements requirements in addition to the current nationwide set of minimum time-served requirements would return the focus to rehabilitation rather than mere punishment. In fact, the minimum time-served should be directly related to the minimum time necessary to complete the release requirements. Part of assuring that the prison system creates parolees who do not endanger the community is assuring that it creates educated parolees. It would do well in the future for ex-criminals to speak of â€Å"graduating† from prison, as it were, and going on to lead productive lives. In 1997 the Center on Crime, Communities, and Culture reported that â€Å"inmates with at least two years of college have a 10% re-arrest rate, compared to a national re-arrest rate of approximately 60%.† This is somewhat ironic, because just three years earlier in 1994 Congress passed a bill which virtually destroyed the prison undergraduate school system. This bill eliminated Pell grants paying for the education of incarcerated individuals. â€Å"Nationally, the only higher education program that's still publicly funded is for youthful offenders.† (Banks) So it is that since 1994 recidivism has increased by almost half, going from around 60% to nearly 90%. Today a mixture of volunteers, religious organizations, and state-funded programs have moved in to provide some college education for inmates. However only slightly more than 10% of prisoners will re-enter society with a college degree. A new bill should be sponsored which would fight to prevent crime by educating prisoners and thus slashing their chances of offending again. Even if Pell Grants were not extended to prisoners, perhaps a new system of educational grants should be developed that would pay for accredited college education for prisoners as part of their pre-release requirements. Our founding fathers all focused on the necessity of a free people being an educated people, and claimed that democracy was dependent on the education of the people. If we are to prepare prisoners to reenter a democratic nation and partake in it as citizens rather than as public enemies, then a liberal arts education which both prepares them for work and prepares them to understand the rights and responsibilities of all citizens is absolutely necessary. Petersilia's third point is that we need extensive post-release services. A new set of federal guidelines should require all released prisoners to be prepared with housing and income options. Halfway housing should be arranged for those who do not have families prepared to commit to providing housing. Job-placement services should be arranged before release and continued employment should be a condition of parole with job-placement provided at any point during the parole period at which the ex-inmate becomes unemployed. Continued medical treatment and counseling for prison-related problems (including AIDS and mental illness) should be provided, as well as mandatory counseling and guidance sessions. More federal and state funding needs to be available to increase the number of parole officers and services. Nationwide there is a shortage in parole officers. In California, for example, â€Å"the ratio is now 82 parolees to 1 parole officer†¦ even parolees who are motivated to change have little opportunity to do so.† (Petersilia, â€Å"Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ) According to Petersilia's research, â€Å"most inmates have a strong desire to succeed when they are first released.† (Petersilia, â€Å"Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) Therefore it is vital that re-entry services are provided. Additionally, as most inmates are re-arrested within three years, it seems vital that such services are available for a period of at least five years as the inmates adjust to the responsibility and freedom of life outside. Homelessness, lack of income and opportunities, and a return to addiction are among the main reasons for a return to crime — proper post-release supervision, counseling, and provision of housing and work opportunities can prevent this. Though such supervision would be expensive, it will be far less expensive to provide ex-inmates with housing, employment, and services within the community than to provide them with housing, constant supervision, and services inside our prisons after they re-offend. In conclusion, it appears that a national Recidivism Prevention Bill is absolutely necessary. This bill should include: 1) a commitment to stop prison rape by means of the creation of a special court system for in-prison crimes such as rape, the mandatory investigation of prison rape cases, and special custody arrangements designed to combat rape; 2) the establishment of a study resulting in national guidelines for prison reform aimed at fostering social responsibility and accountability; 3) the establishment and funding of an accredited national university of correctional facilities which provides liberal arts, vocational, and technical degrees to inmates; 4) Creation of national guidelines for sentencing to include individual minimum release requirements including (but not limited to) successful completion of addiction or other counseling, charitable service, educational and vocational training, evidence of good behavior, and treatment for mental health problems; 5) national guidelines and funding for parole services including housing, job-placement and training, medical services , and mental health/addiction/family adjustment counseling, and a low parolee-to-officer ration allowing for adequate surveillance and regular check-ups. A Prisoner’s Re-Entry into Society Prisoner re-entry is a vitally important issue today which has yet to reach its full impact on the minds and lives of voters. However, with every passing year the importance of this topic becomes more evident. Since the eighties, every passing year has brought more pressure for harsher and longer imprisonment and more streamlined mandatory sentencing rules. This has not only resulted in an exploding prison population, but also in a drastic increase in the number of prisoners re-released into communities. Additionally, the push towards more punitive measures has decreased educational opportunities in prisons and the availability of rehabilitation programs. This means that released prisoners are increasingly unable to reintegrate into their communities, increasingly prone to recidivism, and increasingly violent in each release and re-capture cycle. Even the conservative Bush administration has recognized the threat posed by unprepared prisoner re-entry and responded with a series of grants to private and public organizations involved in rehabilitation and easing prisoner transitions. However, merely making government money available to private, religious, or state-based programs is not enough. These funds are only likely to reach a minority of prisoners who are already being aided by the aided programs. Prisoners whose communities and systems do not already take measures to help their rehabilitation will not be seeing any increase in re-entry programs or preparation. A nationwide set of standards is needed to assure that every prisoner eligible for re-release into the community will be inoculated against recidivism and prepared to become a useful part of the society in which they will reside. It is time for the Democratic Party to back away from the conservative model of crime prevention through fear and towards social responsible model of crime prevention through the creation of healthy communities. This can be done in large part by reforming the prison system from a gulag of social control and intimidation into a truly educational experience in which prisoners are put on a moderated track towards social responsibility, respect for the rights of others, and preparation to take a beneficial role in society. Joan Petersilia wrote an insightful book on this subject documenting a series of studies in crime and public policy, When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry. After presenting many pages of carefully documented research, Petersilia provided four suggestions for future reform which could drastically reduce recidivism and change returning prisoners from presenting a public threat to being a boon to society. These suggestions were as follows: 1. Alter the in-prison experience. Provide more education, work, and rehabilitation opportunities. Change the prison environment to promote life skills rather than violence and domination. 2. Change prison release and revocation practices. Institute a system of discretionary parole release that incorporates parole release guidelines. These parole guidelines should be based primarily on recidivism prediction. 3. Revise post-prison services and supervision. Incorporate better parole supervision classification systems, and target services and surveillance to those with high need and risk profiles. 4. Foster collaborations with the community and enhance mechanisms of informal social control. Develop partnerships with service providers, ex-convicts, law enforcement, family members, victim advocates, and neighborhoods to support the offender. (Petersilia) These suggestions represent the best Democratic policy towards reform of the prisoner re-entry system. Petersilia's book on the subject provides documentation about the efficacy of these recommendations and their necessity in the current environment. The remainder of this paper will focus on the precise laws, policies, and programs which may be recommended to promote the implementations of these suggestions. Petersilia's first recommendation is to alter the in-prison experience. This may not be the immediately evident response to prisoner re-entry, but evidence suggests it may in fact be the most important response. As Petersilia points out in a separate article on the â€Å"Challenges of Prisoner Reentry and Parole in California,† the reason that returning convicts pose such a threat is not merely that they are dangerous criminals returning to the communities that they originally victimized, but that their time in prison has in all likelihood increased the dangers they pose to civilians! It is common knowledge that non-violent and inexperienced criminals entering the prison system are likely to emerge being both violent and experienced due to the brutal conditions that exist in most prisons. Male (and female) rape is extremely common in the prison system, with estimates placed between 13-70% of inmates suffering unwanted sexual conduct. (HRW) Such brutal experiences lead many inmates to experience post traumatic stress disorder, which has been positively linked to increased violent tendencies. The degree of dehumanization and stress common in prison can cause other problems as well. â€Å"Mental illnesses, particularly chronic anxiety and depression, may be caused by incarceration. Psychologists believe that incarceration often breeds ‘global rage,' an impulsive and explosive anger so great that a minor incident can trigger an uncontrolled response.† (Petersilia, â€Å"Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) The Human Rights Watch's report on prison rape in America recommends several measures for preventing prison rape and brutality, and it is vital that policy focus on this aspect of the prison experience. In 2003 a bill was passed establishing a National Commission dedicated to studying prison rape, and several other measures to provide information and training regarding prison rape. However, these measures did not go far enough to assure that prison rape was both prosecuted and that victims received help and counseling. Neither mandatory prosecution nor counseling was included in the bill's measures. Though some constituents might hesitate to focus on preventing brutality to prisoners (indeed, if one pays close attention to the sorts of attitudes and jokes prevalent on crime shows such as Law and Order and NYPD Blue, many consumers may think that prison rape is a justifiable punishment for child abusers and pedophiles), it is important to remember that prison rape victims are likely to emerge with HIV and equally likely to become sexual abusers after their experiences even if they were not abusers before. Thus it is a public health and safety concern to prevent prison rape and other brutality between prisoners. The following policies should be instituted nationwide: 1. Division of prison population between violent and non-violent criminals, and between those who are eligible for parole and those who are not. (Parole-eligible prisoners have more incentive for good behavior) 2. Establishment of special court systems for prison population, mandatory investigation and prosecution of all incidents of hospitalization resulting from sexual assault, availability of independent prisoner-rights advocates, and segregation of all inmates convicted of prisoner-on-prisoner sexual assault to carefully regulated wards, and automatic termination for any employee convicted of sexual impropriety or battery of an inmate. 3. Mandatory counseling and AIDS testing for all prison brutality victims and the establishment of victim-positive protective custody arrangements. (Many victimized inmates are only offered solitary confinement as a protective arrangement, which generally means loss of other privileges and any human interaction, potentially worsening the trauma and decreasing reports) Condoms and retro-virus treatment should be made available to all AIDS/HIV positive inmates, so that future consensual prison relationships will be less likely to increase AIDS transmission. Additionally, the very arrangement of prisons tends to discourage personal responsibility and the development of positive social interactions. Petersilia describes how prison systems punish individual initiative and free-thought, and fail to prepare inmates for independence and responsibility within an open society. â€Å"When personal choice is eliminated, so is personal accountability because the system makes all decisions for prisoners.† (Petersilia, 184) A nationwide study should be undertaken regarding ways that personal choice and accountability can be safely established in prisons and a set of guidelines for national and private prisons should be developed based on the results of that study. Petersilia recommends some programs which have had success in the past which allow simple personal choice from requiring prisoners to decide for themselves when/how to clean their own cells, send their laundry to the cleaners, and so forth. Involving prisoners in some of the more mundane aspects of their confinement is likely to increase the sense of personal control and encourage responsibility. These changes should not be geared so much as ameliorating the punishment of prisoners as of assuring that the incarceration does not reduce their ability to function as a free person. One more important issue regarding prison experience is the availability of vocational and academic training. It is well known by those who study these issues that prisoners who are able to be employed after re-entry to society are significantly less likely to commit further crimes. Petersilia's second suggestion was to change prison release and revocation practices. The best recommendation for policy on this issue would be to adjust mandatory sentences so that they included the completion of certain educational and behavioral requirements. These adapted sentences would require the inmate to both complete a certain length of time and a set of release requirements to be established by a panel of experts on a case-by-case basis. These release requirements must be completed before the inmate was eligible either for parole or release based on time served. Requirements should include, as determined per individual case, mandatory counseling, addiction treatment, educational attainment, vocational studies, and good behavior. Petersilia points out that, based on prison records, recidivism predictions can be made that are 80% correct. Recidivism predictors should be made clear to inmates and they should be encouraged to work towards being eligible for release and parole. A nationwide set of guidelines regarding minimum achievements requirements in addition to the current nationwide set of minimum time-served requirements would return the focus to rehabilitation rather than mere punishment. In fact, the minimum time-served should be directly related to the minimum time necessary to complete the release requirements. Part of assuring that the prison system creates parolees who do not endanger the community is assuring that it creates educated parolees. It would do well in the future for ex-criminals to speak of â€Å"graduating† from prison, as it were, and going on to lead productive lives. In 1997 the Center on Crime, Communities, and Culture reported that â€Å"inmates with at least two years of college have a 10% re-arrest rate, compared to a national re-arrest rate of approximately 60%.† This is somewhat ironic, because just three years earlier in 1994 Congress passed a bill which virtually destroyed the prison undergraduate school system. This bill eliminated Pell grants paying for the education of incarcerated individuals. â€Å"Nationally, the only higher education program that's still publicly funded is for youthful offenders.† (Banks) So it is that since 1994 recidivism has increased by almost half, going from around 60% to nearly 90%. Today a mixture of volunteers, religious organizations, and state-funded programs have moved in to provide some college education for inmates. However only slightly more than 10% of prisoners will re-enter society with a college degree. A new bill should be sponsored which would fight to prevent crime by educating prisoners and thus slashing their chances of offending again. Even if Pell Grants were not extended to prisoners, perhaps a new system of educational grants should be developed that would pay for accredited college education for prisoners as part of their pre-release requirements. Our founding fathers all focused on the necessity of a free people being an educated people, and claimed that democracy was dependent on the education of the people. If we are to prepare prisoners to reenter a democratic nation and partake in it as citizens rather than as public enemies, then a liberal arts education which both prepares them for work and prepares them to understand the rights and responsibilities of all citizens is absolutely necessary. Petersilia's third point is that we need extensive post-release services. A new set of federal guidelines should require all released prisoners to be prepared with housing and income options. Halfway housing should be arranged for those who do not have families prepared to commit to providing housing. Job-placement services should be arranged before release and continued employment should be a condition of parole with job-placement provided at any point during the parole period at which the ex-inmate becomes unemployed. Continued medical treatment and counseling for prison-related problems (including AIDS and mental illness) should be provided, as well as mandatory counseling and guidance sessions. More federal and state funding needs to be available to increase the number of parole officers and services. Nationwide there is a shortage in parole officers. In California, for example, â€Å"the ratio is now 82 parolees to 1 parole officer†¦ even parolees who are motivated to change have little opportunity to do so.† (Petersilia, â€Å"Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ) According to Petersilia's research, â€Å"most inmates have a strong desire to succeed when they are first released.† (Petersilia, â€Å"Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) Therefore it is vital that re-entry services are provided. Additionally, as most inmates are re-arrested within three years, it seems vital that such services are available for a period of at least five years as the inmates adjust to the responsibility and freedom of life outside. Homelessness, lack of income and opportunities, and a return to addiction are among the main reasons for a return to crime — proper post-release supervision, counseling, and provision of housing and work opportunities can prevent this. Though such supervision would be expensive, it will be far less expensive to provide ex-inmates with housing, employment, and services within the community than to provide them with housing, constant supervision, and services inside our prisons after they re-offend. In conclusion, it appears that a national Recidivism Prevention Bill is absolutely necessary. This bill should include: 1) a commitment to stop prison rape by means of the creation of a special court system for in-prison crimes such as rape, the mandatory investigation of prison rape cases, and special custody arrangements designed to combat rape; 2) the establishment of a study resulting in national guidelines for prison reform aimed at fostering social responsibility and accountability; 3) the establishment and funding of an accredited national university of correctional facilities which provides liberal arts, vocational, and technical degrees to inmates; 4) Creation of national guidelines for sentencing to include individual minimum release requirements including (but not limited to) successful completion of addiction or other counseling, charitable service, educational and vocational training, evidence of good behavior, and treatment for mental health problems; 5) national guidelines and funding for parole services including housing, job-placement and training, medical services , and mental health/addiction/family adjustment counseling, and a low parolee-to-officer ration allowing for adequate surveillance and regular check-ups.