Influence of organizational image on outcome

The facts demonstrate that the picture of an association mirrors its cerebrum as far as execution of the associations. In college foundations for instance, the hierarchical condition may make fervor and subsequently cultivate top notch training and learning.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Influence of authoritative picture on result explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus the hierarchical structure and the administration style received by the institutional may move and rouse the learning forms or may neglect to energize learning society in understudies in the college. The point of each college is to assist students with securing aptitudes, information and experience while additionally helping them become adaptable in their reasoning and conceptualisation so they can meet complexities in their everyday lives. Colleges in this manner center to enable every understudy to investigate and perceive different option perspectives, practices, advancement s and developments among others. These ideal changes in students are accomplished by including all the staff in the colleges including teachers and subordinates; the administration, assets and the students themselves. As indicated by Beer and Nohria (2000, 140) a perfect association ought to have the option to adjust between the O and E methodologies. This suggests a foundation ought to have the option to adjust between addressing the requirements of the understudies and the necessities the college staff and have the option to incorporate the thoughts of the association. The institution’s the executives ought to be prepared to tune in, banter and furthermore ready to gain from the two sides. The administration ought to be prepared to coordinate the thoughts of the college staff especially the instructors and specialists who continually interface with the understudies just as the students’ sees on the bearing of their learning. This implies the establishment ought to ha ve the option to utilize the understudies and the college staff as the advisors other than the outside experts to have the option to guarantee quality result in understudies. An institution’s picture is likewise upgraded by the degree of inspiration it offers to the college staff and the understudies. Perceiving the presentation and duty of the staff in accomplishing the targets of the college likewise urges the understudies to follow in the strides of their teachers and other staff who are endeavoring to assist them with accomplishing their objectives. The staff might be given fiscal prizes or different types of remunerations which energize accomplishment of the authoritative culture and targets. The understudies then again might be granted grants, open doors for trade programs with different colleges in different nations or chances to speak to the colleges in discussions and congressional gatherings. The understudies subsequently for all intents and purposes become familiar with the significance of giving prizes and different prize plans that could be applied in their genuine working experience. As indicated by Beer and Nohria (2000, 140) giving of remunerations speak to a reasonable trade of qualities between the foundation and people in the institution.Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management’s responsibility to giving of all out quality preparing projects to understudies and the college staffs likewise mirrors the nature of result from the college (Morgan 2006, 106). The university’s duty to give assets to encourage learning and the university’s receptiveness to assist students with investigating their abilities help advance differing quality result. Colleges ought to have the option to get to the status and the advancement of each program it offers to understudies and different clients and survey them t o have the option to adjust them to the objectives of the foundation. It ought to likewise have the option to survey the limit of its school personnel just as different staffs who bolster the educating and learning process in meeting the targets and have the option to improve their abilities. At the point when the college empowers experimentation through arrangement of satisfactory and present day offices, the understudies just as the college staff are better empowered to grow their insight, aptitudes and experience and in this manner they become exceptionally imaginative and innovative in handling difficulties. In addition, both the college staff and the understudies become increasingly open to new thoughts. In accomplishing the objectives of the college just as that of its partners, the college needs to take out the limits that may exist in its correspondence forms in order to accomplish high-association of the considerable number of people in the foundation. Reference List Beer, M., Nohria, N., 2000, Cracking the code of progress. Harvard Business Review, 78 (3): 133-141. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Morgan, G., 2006, Images of association, refreshed version. California: Sage Publications. This exposition on Influence of authoritative picture on result was composed and presented by client Cloud 9 to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Shutter Island Analysis Essay Example for Free

Screen Island Analysis Essay The story rotated about a man named, Teddy Daniels. A US Marshall who, with his accomplice, Chuck Aule, went to an island known as â€Å"Shutter Island† to lead an examination in regards to the getaway patient of the said mental foundation. after showing up, he met, Dr. Cawley, the individual responsible for the office. there he discovered that the said tolerant was named, Rachel Solando. at the point when he went to his room, he had discovered a bit of paper containing a conundrum saying, â€Å"the law of 4, Who is 67†. During the examination, a few individuals from the said office was uneager to look for the said persistent, and during teddy’s meet with a portion of the patients, one of them instructed him to flee from the spot. This occasion had added to his interest and felt that something wasn't right. everybody has his own insider facts until it was uncovered that even Teddy, has a concealed plan, he was there for his own explanation, he was there to search for, Andrew laeddis, the person who slaughtered his significant other, Dolores Chanal. As days pass by, numerous things had occurred, he had met George Noyce, his witness about the island and he was stunned to see him secured in the institution.one day, while leading his examination, his instict had brought him into a cavern, wherein he met, a break therapist of the intitution. She had dropped the bomb to Teddy, that Shutter island is no normal island. it is where tests where done, and that even him is casualty of the said work. she said that a tiny bit at a time, they are tranquilizing him and making him crazy. she likewise tipped him that they direct the tests to the old beacon. after the discussion, he was immeadiately found by one of the security officials and was taken back to the office. Energy and interest disturbed him, that is the reason he had made the following stride, wherein he went to the old beacon. after showing up, he saw dr. cawley, that is the point at which the truth, was uncovered. Andrew laeddis is a mental patient named â€Å"Edward Daniels†. His significant other executed herself before him in the wake of suffocating her children, that had been an explanation behind his disease. his therapist, Dr. Sheehan and Dr. Cawley, had faced a major challenge by riding with his dreams, causing it to show up genuine, gradually indicating him the truth. others had condemmed them for doing that, that being a decent man, they need Daniels to recapture his mental stability, whatever it takes. Toward the finish of the story, Daniels had said something that had brought trust upon them all, it is the point at which he stood up, given up himself and said, Which would be more regrettable? To live as a beast or Die as a decent man?† Investigation Mental stability is anything but a decision. It is something that the film shade island needs to appear. Nobody needs to have a mental issue. They are only survivors of the conditions that they werent ready to acknowledge. This is something that Dr. Sheehan and Dr. Cawley had consistently put stock in. Daniels isjust a survivor of an occasion that he wasnt ready to acknowledge. That is the reason his past continues chasing him and made him make his very own universe wherein just the things he needs to see, feel and experience exist. Dr. Sheehan and Dr.Cawley, both committed to thier calling needs Daniels to be dealt with utilizing a progressively altruistic way, the mental way. The manner in which the two specialists treated and chance their proffesion just to assist daniels with indicating how a genuine parental figure ought to be. Also, us, being future medical attendants ought to have a mmore receptive outlook and understanding heart particularly in dealing with such patients. Everybody desrves empathetic treatment.

Word of the Week! Liminal Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Liminal Richmond Writing This word troubled me in graduate school, during the darkest part of what I now call The Theory Wars in English. This was a time when ideas about how to teach literature changed rapidly, and many a student became a pawn sacrificed in a game with small global stakes. A graduate students worth could be measured by the obscure terms bandied about. Academic gadfly Stanley Fish, on a visit to a seminar at Indiana University, asked one notably obtuse peer of mine son, could you please use a  verb? Enter, not a verb but the adjective liminal. Thirty years ago to my unschooled ear, it sounded like a term for lighting. There is more to it; like  palimpsest, a word featured here a while back, our current pick bubbles with energy when used well (which, sadly, appears to be a rare occurrence).   The term concerns thresholds, as the OED makes plain, and it is a youngblood of a word, first occurring in the late 19th Century. In scientific parlance, it may refer to the lowest amount necessary to produce a particular effect. We might think of limit in the same sense, but the OED shows us that that the words do not share an etymology. When thinking about it, a limit ends something. A liminal amount or space serves as a transition. In my field, that idea of transition takes center stage. Consider this usage by Daniel Mahala that I stumbled upon in my research, Moreover, writing centers are themselves, as Bonnie Sunstein has amply illustrated, liminal spaces where a kind of in-betweenness holds sway (9). Mahala means that centers, as support services and as academic units, have a foot in the worlds of scholarship and service. We naturally cross and, in fact, are thresholds. Other uses in the Humanities often concern themselves with indeterminacy, ambiguity, hybridity, potential for subversion and change (Border Poetics). Thus we see how what was and probably still is called high theory adopted a word that might otherwise simply mean a boundary. As we enter that liminal time between summer and the start of the semester, please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Threshold courtesy of M Möller on Flickr. Works Cited: Border Poetics. Liminality. http://borderpoetics.wikidot.com/liminality Mahala, Daniel. “Writing Centers in the Managed University.” The Writing Center Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, 2007, pp. 3â€"17. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43442269

Essay on Life Challenges and History of Dylan Thomas

â€Å"A worm tells summer better than a clock, the slug’s a living calendar of days: What shall it tell me if a timeless insect, Says the world wears away?† As a young poet Dylan suffered from many things two of which were financial problems and alcoholic abuse. Thomas poems were his way of expressing his feelings and thoughts. Despite Thomas struggles with life, he still managed to become a very successful poet. What transitioned within the young British poet’s life will be the discovery of his personal life, his marriage, his career and his death, and as well as an expounding of two of his poems. Dylan Thomas was born on October 27, 1914, in Swansea, Glamorgan Wales. (Applebee 1001). Thomas was the youngest child of David John Thomas and†¦show more content†¦Many years later Caitlin and Dylan also began experiencing financial problems. Although despite the passionate love letters Thomas would write her, their marriage was horrible. In 1940, Thomas and his wife moved to London, where he had served as an anti-aircraft gunner, but was rejected for active combat due to his illness. To avoid the air raids, the young couple left London in 1944. They eventually settled at Laugharne, in the Boat House where Thomas would write many of his later poems. In 1947 Thomas was awarded a Traveling Scholarship from the Society of Authors. When Thomas was the age thirty five, he visited America for the first time in 1950. While in America he began doing his reading tours of the United States. (Collected Poems, 1934–1952 ). As Dylan began his reading tours in America, he a lot to popularize his poetry reading’s as a new medium for the art, which were both famous and notorious. Thomas was well known as a Romantic poet to the popular American imagination. Dylan Thomas wrote many poems, but there two that grasped the public’s attention, which were Vision and Prayer and Love In the Asylum. In his poem Love In the Asylum Dylan speaks of a stranger who has come to live in the asylum, who seems to be mentally challenged. When she walks into the place it seems as if a spirit has comeShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The World War II1463 Words   |  6 Pagesgive them a sense of comfort. This is most evident in Dylan Thomas’ â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† where he directs the reader to not think of death as a terrifying thing, but rather embrace it and charge into death. First, in the days after World War II, the English people were left to wonder and speculate what was to come, and how the world would continue to go on after suffering such loss in the recent years. Writers such as Dylan Thomas took hold of the English people and published â€Å"DoRead MoreBob Dylan and Intertextuality2482 Words   |  10 PagesTangled Up in New Bob Dylan and Intertextuality Appropriation has always played a key role in Bob Dylans music. Critics and fans alike have found striking similarities between Dylan’s lyrics and the words of other writers. On his album â€Å"Love and Theft,† a fan spotted many passages similar to lines from â€Å"Confessions of a Yakuza,† a gangster novel written by Junichi Saga. Other fans have pointed out the numerous references to lines of dialogue from movies and dramas that appear throughoutRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Inaugural Address1099 Words   |  5 Pagesspeech. This backs up his claim of ethos by showing him he knows what he’s doing. Kennedy also provides evidence of the use of Thomas Jefferson as inspiration due to the fact that he studied his Gettysburg address before he himself wrote his speech. Another example of ethos is when he starts to ask the citizen of the United States to put their faith in him. â€Å"In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do notRead MoreA Critical Issue Of Counseling And Psychotherapy1519 Words   |  7 Pagesour own perspectives and experiences. As it says in our text, â€Å"A critical issue in counseling and psychotherapy is that the same comment may have different effects on individuals who have different personal life experiences and multicultural backgrounds, because everyone has a unique history with a unique pattern of communication.† This proves to be true as fundamental principals of the social animal, every type of relationship we have with an individual is a different relationship from another,Read MoreLeadership in Norma Rae1723 Words   |  7 Pageswith a married man. Men oppress her in her life. Her bosses at work oppress her. They care not for her mother when she goes deaf. They reject every attempt Norma Rae makes to improve working conditions. She is a woman battered by life, but above it all she reveals an acut e understanding of the world. You lie with dogs, you get fleas. She tells this to Reuben on their second meeting shortly after the married man slapped her. Reuben sees this glimmer of life in her and offers her hope when he says,Read MoreDr. W. Edwards Deming Was Born October 14, 1900 In Sioux1627 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity. Throughout his educational undertakings, Dr. Deming worked as a professor or lecturer in both full and part-time capacities at various educational institutions. Upon meeting Walter Shewhart, a Physicist at Bell Telephone Labs, Dr. Deming’s life would forever be changed. Shewhart invented the â€Å"statistical control chart.† This is a â€Å"tool used to determine if a manufacturing or business process is in a state of control.† Deming’s passion for â€Å"Statistics† grew, and he went on to study underRead MoreLabeling Theory of Deviance2131 Words   |  9 Pageswrong they are not allowed to change. 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Primary deviance refers toRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pages..................................................................... 7 Sacajawea (Mysterious Native American Guide) ....................................................................................... 9 Artists, Authors, and Musicians: Bob Dylan (â€Å"The Prophet of Rock and Roll†) .......................................................................................... 11 Ernest Hemingway (Troubled, brilliant author and war reporter) ........................................................Read MorePrison Reform Topic Paper : Prisons6604 Words   |  27 Pagestools for life improvement or even basic life sustaining care (Colgan, 2006). As a result, prisoners often do not have adequate medical, mental heath care, educational programs, and facility access. The vast majority of Americans say if they knew someone was going to be incarcerated, they would be concerned for that person s physical healthy safety and health (Dolovich, 2009). The conditions of the prison are not just a question of quality of life, but also often literally a question of life and deathRead MoreApple Recommendation Report6561 Words   |  27 Pagesï ¿ ½ MARKETING AND SALES STRATEGIES OF APPLE INC. INTRODUCTION Over Apple s thirty-five year history, Apple has become the worldwide model for what a successful company should look like. Apple s annual revenue climbed to $108.25 billion dollars and their shares rose 75% during the fiscal year of 2011. After winning the _Fortune_ Most Admired Company award for the fifth year in a row and having their value top the $600 billion dollar mark, Apple is asserting its position as the most valuable US

Speaker and Subject Identification - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1940 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Steve Jobs Essay Did you like this example? Speaker and Subject Identification The story about Steve Jobs began on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. Steve was born to a young unwed graduate student and there was no further mention of his biological father. She was adamant about him being adopted by college graduates because she wanted him to have the best life possible. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Speaker and Subject Identification" essay for you Create order She gave him up for adoption, and he was supposed to be adopted by a lawyer and his wife, but they decided at the last minute that they wanted a girl (Stanford, 2008). His parents, Clara and Paul Jobs received a phone call during the middle of the night stating that there was a baby boy and asking if they wanted him. They said yes, and they have been a family ever since. They gave him the name of Steven Paul Jobs. Ironically, they were not college graduates and when Joanne found out she refused to sign the adoption papers (Stanford, 2008). Clara was an accountant and Paul was a Mechanic. Joanne eventually gave in after they promised her that they would give him the best life that they could and promised that he would go to college. Steve graduated high school in 1972, and decided to continue his education at Reed College in Portland, Oregon (Stanford, 2008). The required classes that he was enrolled in did not interest him. After about six months of uncertainty about his future, he dropped out. He thought that it was the best decision rather than staying enrolled and taking classes with no plan. Also, it was costly, so he thought it would be selfish and irresponsible for his parents to continue to spend their life savings on his schooling. He did not drop out completely. He found fascination in a Calligraphy class, so he dropped in on that occasionally. During this time, he slept on the floor of friends rooms, returned coke bottles to five cent deposits to buy food, and walked several miles to get one good meal once a week (Stanford, 2008). The fact that he went through some of the same things that many other college students go through, gives him credibility to give the commencement speech to Stanfords graduating class of 2005. Although he did not graduate, he is still familiar with some of the life lessons that some college students experience. Fast forward a few years, he and Steve Wozniak started Apple in his parents garage when he was twenty years old. Over the next decade, Apple grew from the small startup company in his parents garage into a two billion dollar company (Stanford, 2008). Just after his thirtieth birthday, they released the Macintosh. All of his success came to an abrupt end. He was fired from Apple- the company that he started. Despite the turn of events and public embarrassment, he still felt passionate about his work. As a result of that passion, he started a Company named NeXT, which Apple later purchased and put him back as an employee of the company (Stanford, 2008). He also started Pixar, which created the first computer animated feature film, Toy Story (Stanford, 2008). Amy E. Hurley-Hanson and Cristina M. Giannantonio say that Steve Jobs personal story and business success reflect the American Dream, and I cant agree more (7). After all of his success, it was time for him to find love, and he did- He married Laurene Powell. Audience and Occasion Analysis The Stanford Commencement speech was given by Steve Jobs as a gift to the graduates to inform them about the story behind his success and how that could relate to them. I chose to observe this speech for many reasons. The first, being that it was easy for me to comprehend, and I found it encouraging myself. The underlying message and lessons that were present throughout the speech were outstanding. I also chose this speech because I knew that Steve Jobs was a college dropout turned billionaire and in moments of discouragement, I believe that it can be me too. I just have to find something great to invent. On a serious note, I was interested in hearing how he would relate his life story to the graduates and the rest of the audience that he was speaking to. I also found it interesting that I am a college student and will have to sit through one soon. Lastly, I chose his speech because I relate to his story about his early life. I was given up for adoption, so what was a small detail to many was an eye-catching one for me. In regard to the audience, the purpose for the occasion was to honor the 2005 Graduating class from Stanford. The audiences interest in the occasion was the fact that they were graduating and being rewarded for doing so by getting their diplomas. As for the other members of the audience, their interest was in supporting their friend, family member, or loved one on their accomplishment. The ceremony was held outside, and the audience was made up by about twenty thousand spectators of all age groups, so the ceremony being held outside was a good choice. The environment was conductive to effective listening by the audience, but if the weather conditions were different, it could not have been. The audiences general disposition to the topic and speaker were friendly and welcoming. After all, they were listening Billionaire, Steve Jobs. They laughed when he made a joke, even when it was not funny. Their disposition to the occasion was probably a mixture of emotions since it was their colle ge graduation, but the most obvious one was happiness. Structure of the Speech The general purpose of the speech was to give the graduates a gift of advice, and the specific purpose was to advise them with three stories about his life. The central idea of his speech was the three subtopics and how they related to his life and how they could relate to the audiences lives. The three subtopics were: Connecting the Dots, Love and Loss, and Death. In the first story about Connecting the Dots, Jobs supporting material included the story about his early life and adoption, going to and dropping out of college, and the beginning of his career. The second storys (Love and Loss) supporting material consisted of stories about his career igniting, his career coming to an unanticipated end, and finding his purpose again. In his final story about Death, Steves supporting material was found in the stories about how the certainty that we are all going to die and his pancreatic cancer diagnosis. The organization and development of his ideas were well thought out and flowed well in a chronological order. The introduction in comparison to the rest of the speech was adequate. Delivery of the Speech Stephen Lucas states in The Art of Public Speaking that a wonderfully written speech can be ruined by poor delivery (239). Jobs delivery was not poor, but it was not excellent. I would say that it was good and effective. He got his point across and the audience was receptive. He read his speech verbatim from a manuscript and this put a lot of limitations on his speech. In regard to his voice, he spoke with a medium volume- not too loud and not too quiet. His pitch had no inflections and he was pretty much monotone throughout the entirety of the speech except one memorable moment. During his third story, he seems to get comfortable in his speech, and his pitch increases for a brief second, but then he slips back in to his monotone sound. He being monotone also ruined the moments where he wanted to be humorous. He spoke at a steady rate with the exception for the long pauses that were between the first and second as well as the second and third stories. In regard to the speakers body, his appearance was appropriate as he wore the traditional graduation gown. Steve stood behind the podium for the entirety of his speech which is normal for the occasion. He seemed to have shifted his weight from one foot to the other a few times, but not enough to create distraction. Jobs also kept one hand on the top of the podium and the other seemed to be used as a marker for his manuscript. He awkwardly touched his mouth a few times at the beginning of his speech and touched his beard a few times throughout. His eye contact was not the best but it was not poor as he shifted his eyes from the manuscript to the audience. He took a drink of his water toward the end of his speech while the audience applauded. After finishing up his speech, he did not wait to let the final remarks sink in as recommended by Lucas (249). He had no physical visual aids to make use of, but everyone could imagine with their minds all of his inventions since a majority of the audience owns, has used, or even seen a Mac or Apple product. Effectiveness of the Speech The audience was polite and helpful in the fact that they laughed and applauded at times where the humor was not as obvious as it could have been if the speaker did not speak in monotone or from a manuscript. The overall effectiveness of the speech was good because, as mentioned before, he got his point across and the audience was receptive. He used a mixture of patterns for presenting his speech. Although it was not explicitly stated, one of the underlying themes of the message was the importance of staying true to oneself, to personal aspirations and values and, above all else, how people might learn from their experience (Richardson and Arthur, 2013). Overall, he used a chronological organizational pattern which made it easy for the audience to keep up with and interpret. For specific stories, like Connecting the Dots and Death, he used a causal pattern which made them more relatable. For Love and Loss, he used a problem-solution pattern. His points were made at the beginning of the speech, and he addressed each of them in the body. Richardson and Arthur state that while addressing several different themes, each of the stories and the entire speech were permeated by a single underlying message: that people need to listen to their hearts and heads, do what is important to them, pursue their ambitions (46). He supported each of them with evidence from his experiences and told the story in a way that the entire audience could relate. Despite his monotone, he was effective in his purpose, and few entrepreneurs have captures the worlds attention as Steve Jobs did (Hurley-Hanson and Giannantonio, 2013). After listening to this speech I feel better about my journey, and I know that as long as I choose something that I love, I will be happy and motivated to do my best. References Hurley-Hanson, A. E., Giannantonio, C. M. (2013). Staying Hungry, Staying Foolish: Academic Reflections on the Life and Career of Steve Jobs. Journal of Business Management, 19(1), 7â€Å"9. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,shibdb=bthAN=108357845site=eds-livecustid=s8478310 Lucas, S. E. (1998). The Art of Public Speaking (11th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Richardson, J., Arthur, M. B. (2013). Just Three Stories: The Career Lessons Behind Steve Jobs Stanford University Commencement Address. Journal of Business Management, 19(1), 45â€Å"57. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=ip,shibdb=bthAN=108357849site=eds-livecustid=s8478310 S. (2008, March 07). Steve Jobs 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc

Should Human Organs Be Traded or Sold Within the United...

Should Human Organs Be Traded or Sold Within the United States? What’s the Right Thing to Do? As NBC13.com news points out â€Å"everyday seventeen people die waiting for organ transplants.† These deaths could simply be prevented by having a system in place that could provide a service to these helpless individuals. According to this site, there are 120,000 people still waiting for organs, nationwide; 30,000 of them are African Americans. But when it comes down to the issue of free trade of human organs, the majority of American citizens will consider it a controversial and ethical issue. There could be a large group of people supporting each side of this argument. However, only those who want to sell their organs and those who need the†¦show more content†¦Let’s think of it this way, for someone who is waiting for kidney transplantation, it is important to clear his or her body from normal metabolic waste. Don’t forget that the kidney is not only responsible for filtering the metabolic waste and balancing fluid and electrolytes, but is also resp onsible for the secretion of hormones. These are erythropoietin which is responsible for red blood cell production and renin angiotensin aldosterone which is critical for maintaining the body’s sodium level. This in turn, controls the blood pressure. This process is being done without our knowledge hourly. (Lewis 667, 765, 766, 1139, 1207) But for those who have dysfunctional kidneys, this process must be done manually. For example, for clearing the body from metabolic waste, patients much go through a treatment called dialysis. This treatment could decrease the physical ability of the patients to go through the transplant surgery when they find the kidney. (Forbes) Now just imagine that you have found a perfect match of a kidney but the surgeon cannot transplant it because you are too physically weak to go through this surgery. If it was me, I would fight this current process so that I could save me or my loved one’s life. It is the core of our human nature. When we a re in trouble, that’s when we think of finding a solution to get us out of it. Unfortunately, sometimes this approach will have very seriousShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the illegal drug-trade human trafficking is the fastest increasing criminal industry. Human trafficking is commonly referred to as modern-day slavery. This is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor or for exploitation. Exploitation referring to the use of others for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, or the removal of organs. Woman and young children living in poverty are the ones who usually fall in the trap of the traffickersRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the illegal drug-trade human trafficking is the fastest increasing criminal industry. Human trafficking is commonly referred to as modern-day slavery. This is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor or for exp loitation. Exploitation referring to the use of others for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, or the removal of organs. Woman and young children living in poverty are the ones who usually fall in the trap of the traffickersRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1498 Words   |  6 Pagesand can contribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. This type of criminalization is often one that is overlooked, most people believing that it is some sort of â€Å"myth,† or that this type of action happens to very few, and is only part of developing countries. However, the truth of the matter is that human trafficking occurs everywhere in the world, even the most successful countries. 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One example is the use of human tissues; samples of tissue are collected from donors and prepared in a laboratory (hsi.org, n.d). Even after death, human tissue can still be depended on. Post mortem brain

Audit Quality Regulating Audits Quality

Question: Describe about the Audit Quality for Regulating Audits Quality. Answer: 1, Scientific perspective of Brownes: Whilst one part of the brain studies facts and how the facts come together, the other part processes symbols and analogies. Discussions are made herein reveals about the presentation of different perspectives regarding accounting and auditing. The procedure in which audit both apply provisions an auditor and the management during preparation of books of accounts and verification of records have been mentioned below: The following approach specified that during the assessment of book of account, the foremost step is to check that the accounting standards are being adhered or not during the preparation of accounts (Soh, and Martinov-Bennie, 2011). The entities policies help in governing the adequacy of the basis of accounting. It is possible to perceive that the first segment of Brownes perspective that one part of the brain studies facts and how the facts come together is specified in relation to the accounts of an entity. Being it a fact, the current data of an entity is analysed for some time period in accordance with the previous data available (WANG and YAN, 2010). The next part of Brownes perspective is in association with the preparation of accounts in accordance with the standards nonetheless in any uncertain situation arise, then the books of accounts shall be presented in an authentic view which will be fair enough in case if no standard is being followed (Holm and Zaman, 2012). On the basis of analysis done it is said that the preparation and assessment of accounts are done as per the standards and at the same point of time another segment of brain analyses the other factors because of which standards do not adhere. It is important that an auditor frames an opinion regarding the entity books of accounts. As per the concept stated above, the audit of each entity is made with a common view that all shall be in tune with the standards and not that the errors shall be evaluated (Schneider, 2010). But still during the assessment of books if any abnormal data or transaction is perceived to happen then the detailed analysis is made. The perceptions and ways of auditing are formed on the base of the eminence of internal control and also the data, i.e., stored by an entity. Happening of any unreasonable transaction indicates that presence of any mystical symbols and analogies in them respectively (Francis, 2011). It consecutively has its effect on further transactions; as an auditor once assesses any suspicion will always think twice in considering the acceptability of any transaction. The occurrence of errors is possible only when management of an entity is not allowing proper communications with its creditors to verify its balances and also not communicating itself with them in order to receive communication (Titera, 2013). The opinions drafted by an auditor are reliant on the circumstances put forth after the final completion of all books of accounts assessment. It is not adjudged on the basis of previous year opinions or on the part of books of accounts. References: Francis, J.R., 2011. A framework for understanding and researching audit quality.Auditing: A journal of practice theory.30(2). pp.125-152. Holm, C. and Zaman, M., 2012, March. Regulating audits quality: Restoring trust and legitimacy. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 51-61). Elsevier. Schneider, A., 2010. Assessment of internal auditing by audit committees. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal.14(2). p.19. Soh, D.S. and Martinov-Bennie, N., 2011. The internal audit function: Perceptions of internal audit roles, effectiveness and evaluation.Managerial Auditing Journal.26(7). Pp.605-622. Titera, W.R., 2013. Updating audit standard-Enabling audit data analysis. Journal of information systems.27(1). pp.325-331. WANG, G.Y. and YAN, H., 2010. An International Comparison of Internal Audit Standards [J].Journal of Audit Economics.2. P.002.

Analysis of Leadership free essay sample

Assesses alternative approaches based on leadership traits, attitudes, styles, situations.The purpose of this paper is to trace the study of leadership from the traits approach to modern, multidimensional approaches. The literature abounds with definitions of leadership, but one that is sufficiently broad for the framework of this research has been provided by John W. Gardner (1990): the process of persuasion or example by which an individual (or leadership team) induces a group to pursue objectives held by the leader or shared by the leader and his or her followers (p. 1).Trait ApproachesDuring the first half of the twentieth century, the most common approach to studying leadership was the traits approach. To be able to induce others to follow, leaders were assumed to possess certain characteristicsi.e., assertiveness, sensitivity, integrity, friendliness. Leaders then could be

car in 1950s essays

car in 1950s essays 6a)Factory owners and workers developed co-operative strategies to deal with the unemployment. Thousand of individuals lost their jobs and became unemployed for the several years. The economic sectors hardest hit were the pulp and paper industries, agriculture, and mining. Most of the cars have also affected a big impact on the women, men, and children. Before the cars were invented the women looked after their children, cooked, and looked after the house, and men were the ones who were working on the farms to provide their family to survive. b) The different industries that were stimulated as a result of the increased ownership were the manufacturing, production, and last but not least the mining. c) Having an automobile was really a success during the1950s. With the automobiles, it was easier for the parents to find the jobs with better pays, and shorter hours. Also they would use the car to get themselves to their jobs, and get their children to school. Another thing that was good about the automobile was that they could have gone more out, spend more time with the family and friends, such as go to the cinemas, shopping, and vacations. d) The big conflict about the automobiles, was that the people spend a lot of their money on the gas, fixing the cars, and paying the insurance. It also created the air pollution, and the car accidents. e) People should find the low paying insurance, better cars that spend less gas and other requirements. To prevent the air pollution, they should try to avoid using the car as much as they can. Moreover, they should be more careful while driving the car to avoid car accidents, and any injuries. 7. a) The Oshawa Canada car plant number #1 is North Americas most productive auto plant: workers there produce cars faster than just about anywhere else. Although there is some manufacturing in all large cities, more than three-fourths of Canadian manufacturing employment is locate ...

The Effects of Different Structures on Ownership Decisions Essay

The Effects of Different Structures on Ownership Decisions - Essay Example Joint ventures have to be applied in countries where foreign ownership is restricted. Other forms of entry into overseas market are mergers and acquisitions. A merger occurs when an exporter merges with a local company and creates a new unit, while under acquisition the exporting company takes over a domestic company. This research aims to asses the effect of different structures on ownership decisions. According to Raff, Ryan and Stahler (2005), direct exports or Greenfield investment does not change the ownership as it relies on its own assets to produce goods. In the case of M&A the foreign firm acquires the assets of the local target firm and combines them with its own assets but in the case of joint ventures, even though the assets are shared, they continue to choose output independently. Thus the decision to invest in another country would depend upon the extent of investment that the host firm wants to make. This implies that the firm heterogeneity would determine the pattern of foreign direct investment. Research suggests that firms with least assets would not like to disturb the ownership and would prefer to directly export their goods. Firms with highest assets choose Greenfield or direct investment. Those with low assets prefer mergers and joint ventures. Kasuga (2003) clarifies that net worth plays an important role in determining structures and hence the ownership decisions. When the minimum efficient scale for foreign companies is too large, the host firm chooses joint ventures or equity participation rather than wholly owned subsidiaries. The ownership decisions are based on various micro and macro factors as it depends on the host country for support. When the parent firm needs the local partner’s assets, joint venture are preferred. The ownership shares and consequently the profits too get distributed in case of joint ventures. The ownership also affects the degree of technology transfer from the parent firm. Research also shows

Water Contamination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water Contamination - Assignment Example Farms do two things to chicken manure: dump it in any available water resource or use it on the fields. Pohlmann decided to 14.1 tons of land-applied manure to one acre. This was done despite the recommendation limiting manure to six tons per acre (Rish). According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, Ohio has no Clean Water Act permits that specify control over livestock operations like Buckeye’s chicken farm. Also, Ohio’s Trade Secrecy act permits factories like the Buckeye farm to dump their manure in an off-site location without revealing the area. However, it is not the manure spill alone that affects the poison content of the water. The intensive confinement of thousands of chickens can result in manure that is far beyond the soil’s absorption rate. The runoff that results from this heavy manure can cause not only water pollution but also affect the land. In the water, it causes eutrophication which makes the soil so rich in organic and mineral content that the amount of oxygen in the water is depleted (HSUS 2005). The difference is that while the plants in the water thrive, the animal life in the water body suffers. This contamination is not a problem for the land and animals alone. The polluted water that drains into the rivers is a percentage of the drinking water for the humans in that area. Grant claims that 60% of the water dumped into these rivers is used as drinking water by the locals of Ohio (1998). Thus, Buckeye farm profited from a number of loopholes in Ohio’s state program. The farm was not forced to reveal the places it dumped the manure preventing the citizens from knowing if the manure is not being properly disposed of in streams or wells. Ohio’s environmental body also has the permission to ask for the management of livestock manure if any farm has more than 1000 livestock units: like the Buckeye Farm.

Violence Against Nurses In Psychiatric Health And Social Care Essay

Violence Against Nurses In Psychiatric Health And Social Care Essay Violence is currently prevalent in every sphere of social life. Nowadays, health care personnel are facing more harsh behaviours than ever before, here in Jordan. The rising rate of violence in health care settings has become a major problem for nurses. Nurses are at considerable risk of occupational (work-related) violence. Working primarily in psychiatric departments resulted in an increased risk for both physical assault and non-physical violence (Nachreiner, et al., 2007). Psychiatric health care providers have high rates of work place violence victimization, but yet little is known about the strategies used by them and their facilities to manage, reduce, and prevent violence (Peek-Asa, et al, 2009). Their presence in stressful situations such as incidents (violent incidents), suicide attempts, waiting to visit a doctor, or transfer of patients to another ward or another hospital exposes them to more abuse or harsh behaviour from patients, families, relatives and friends than oth er hospital staff (Kwak et al., 2006). The motivation of this paper stemmed from a recently news in the media reporting the increased incidents of violence and aggression faced by nurses in Jordanian hospitals. The media news prompted the author to reflect on current knowledge and understanding of these events in both in Jordan and around the world to make recommendations for managing reducing, and prevention of these events in the future. Recommendations for future research in this area were addressed also. Recommendations for future research will enable nurses to deepen their understanding of violence and aggression in psychiatric settings which in turn will lead to improved strategies, policy and practice leading to increased safety for nurses and patients. This paper was intended to be a commentary paper on the phenomena of violence in psychiatric settings; however, to comment on this phenomenon an extensive literature review was conducted and will be presented also. The paper design compared the violence with the cr ime. The perpetrator of this crime is the psychiatric or mentally ill patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental health nurse. The scene where the crime occurred is the psychiatric setting. The Aim This paper aims to provide a general understanding of the whole picture of violence against nurses in psychiatric settings. In order to achieve that, this paper addressed the following topics: (1) Recent epidemiology of episodes of violence in psychiatric words, (2) Defining violence and related concepts, types, and forms, (3) The perpetrator, (4) The victim, (5) Prevention of violent incidents, (6) Assessment of violence, (7) Management of violent episodes. Methods The following databases were searched: EBSCO host service databases (Academic Search complete, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus), MEDLINE, Psychology and Behaviours Sciences Collection). These databases were searched for English language papers published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 using the key words violen* (violence or violent) and in-patient or psychiatric words or psychiatric settings. Limiters were used in each database to include and exclude certain studies. The search was limited to full text articles, available references articles , articles published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 in scholarly (peer reviewed) journals. Special limiters for Academic Search Complete were periodical publications, English language articles, and articles with PDF full text. Special limiters for CINAHL Plus were articles with available abstract, English language articles, research articles only, articles that considered humans only as research subjects, articles with at least one nurse author, studies conducted in inpatient settings only, and articles with PDF full text. Special limiters for MEDLINE were: articles with abstract available, English language articles, articles that considered humans only as research subjects, articles published in nursing Journals only. Only PDF full text articles were searched in psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection. After completing search, 197 studies resulted. Most of them were included in this paper. However, some were not included because they did not respond to the objects of this paper. Some of studies in references lists of the resultant articles were also reviewed and included for epidemiological purposes even they are older than five years. Some of them were also used for critically reviewing the updated studies (à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¥5 years). Definitions Violence in the workplace can take various forms ranging from abusive language, threats, physical assaults, and even homicide (Wassell, 2009). There are many different definitions of violence. This section will define and differentiate between violence forms and forms. The world Health Organization (WHO) define violence as: The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevlopment, or deprivation (WHO, 2005, p.5). Work-related violence is any activity or event occurred in the work environment involve the international use of physical or emotional abuse against an employee, resulting in negative physical and emotional consequences (Nachreiner, et al., 2007). A less restrictive definition was the definition of Baron and Neuman; they define workplace violence as direct attacks which occur in the work place itself or within an organization (Baron Neumann, 1998). Physical assault is hitting, slapping, kicking, pushing, grabbing, sexually assaulted, or any type of physical contact aimed to injury or harm (Nachreiner et al.). A threat occurred when someone used words, gestures, or actions for freighting another one without attempting harm or injury (Nachreiner et al.). Sexual harassment occurred when one is a subject for any type of unwanted sexual behaviour (words or actions). (Nachreiner et al.). Verbal abuse is calling another person -must be associated with the name- with unfavourable words for the purpose of hurting emotionally injuring. Jenkins (1996) believes that even threat of physical violence is considered physical violence (Jenkins, 1996). WHO determined three types of violent acts: physical, sexual, and psychological (WHO, 2005, p.6). Violence and aggression are two interrelated concepts extensively studied in nursing literature. Although, they are not the same, nursi ng literature widely used them interchangeably. In this paper, violence and aggression will be used interchangeably. Epidemiology The risk of being subjected to violence among health staff is 16 times higher than in other occupational groups in the service sector (Kingma, 2001). There is an escalating alarming trend of all forms and types of violence towards nurses in health care settings (Whelan, 2008). Nurses are at the highest rates of nonfatal workplace assault and violent victimization in all health care settings (Lanza, Zeiaa, Rierdan, 2006). There is a considerable difference in the prevalence and incidence of episodes of violence in mental health settings, depending on the countries in which the studies were carried out. A survey of 4.826 nurses conducted by the American Nurses Association, 17% reported that they have been physically assaulted, and 57% reported that they had been abused in the last year (Peek-Asa, et al., 2009). Also, only 20% reported that they felt safe in their current work environments. Psychiatric nurses are the highest subjects of violent victimization rates of all types of nurse s (Islam, Edla, Mujuru, Doyle, Ducatman, 2003). In an analysis of the results of the Assaulted Staff Action Programme (ASAP) that persists for 15 years; 1.123 mental health nurses (69.58%) were victims of violence by patients. They were the subjects of physical (85.32%), sexual (1.18%), nonverbal intimidation (1.67%), and (6.01%) assaults. 46.34% of injures were soft tissue bruises, 10.16% were head and back injuries, 5.76% were bone/tendon/ligament injures, 12.39% were open wounds, scratches, or spitting incidents, 1.8% were abdominal wounds, and 18.65% were psychological fright. 36.69% were mild injures, 31.52% were moderate, and 14.13% serious and intense (Flannery, Farley, Rego, Walker, 2007). A survey in psychiatric institutions in Switzerland reported that 70% percent of nurses reported being physically attacked at least once in their career (Needham, et al., 2004). A multiregional study of nursing staff members from acute psychiatric settings showed that 76% of the particip ants reported that they were assaulted at least once (Peek-Asa, et al., 2009). In a study in Iran, verbal abuse was experienced by 87.4% of nurses during a 6-month period, and physical violence by 27.6% during the same period of time (Shogi, Sanjari, Shirazi, Heidari, Salemi, Mirzabeigi, 2008). The most frequent and most severe forms of verbal abuse reported were judging and criticizing, accusing and blaming, and abusive anger (Kisa, 2008). In one Arabic study, a national cross sectional survey was conducted in Kuwait to document the prevalence and determinants of violence against nurses in healthcare facilities. 48% of nurses experienced verbal violence; and 7% only experienced physical harm over the previous six months (Adib, Al-Shatti, Kamal, El-Gerges, Al-Raqem, 2002). Another Arabic study in Bahrain, Hamadeh and colleagues found the average assault rate on nurses is 4.4%. (Hamadeh, Al Alaiwat, Al Ansari, 2003). No similar studies were conducted in Jordan. However, this high results may be an emergent indicator of the escalating trend in Jordan and other Arabic countries because of their similar Arabic culture to Kuwait and Bahrain. Epidemiological studies were recommended to conduct to determine the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon in Jordanian health care settings and especially in mental ones. Despite the high prevalence of violence acts toward nurses, only 20% of violent incidents are reported by nurses. This is due to staff being accustomed to violence; peer pressure not to report; differential reporting based on gender of the victim, fear of blame; excessive paper work; and incomplete or invalid information on reports completed by persons not witness to the event (Crilly, Chaboyer, Creedy, 2004). This problem should also be addressed in future studies to investigate its causes and to solve it. The Victim Nurses are usually the subjects of violence victimization. However, Other mental health care professionals such as physicians and physiotherapists are also at a considerable of violent acts (Stubbs Dickens, 2009). This paper addressed nurses only as subjects of victimization from psychiatric and mentally ill patients. Psychiatric patients assaults on nurses victims are a worldwide occupational problem. There is remarkable consistency in victim characteristics over time (Flannery, Juliano, Cronin, Walker, 2006). Men nurses were exposed to more abuse than women (Shagi, et al., 2008). However, there is an inconsistent finding in the literature identifying whether males or females are more violence-prone (Camerino, Estryn-Behar, Conway, Der Heijden, Hasselhorn, 2008). The risk of experiencing abuse was higher in nurses with more job experience or who worked more hours (Shagi et al.). On the other hand, a longitudinal cohort study showed that younger nurses with less job experiences are at increased risk violence (Camerino et al., 2008). However, exposure to violence was not significantly associated with age, gender, duration of employment in nurses working in child and adolescent psychiatric units (Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, Scott, 2010). Having a lower job title (air or practical nurse), b eing in closer contact with patients, having special personality traits, using drug or alcohol, reporting extreme fatigue , may lead to higher risks for aggression and harassment at the workplace (Cooper Swanson, 2002). Nachreiner et al, agree with Copper Swanson on that LPNs an increased risk for both physical assault and non-physical violence compared to RNs (Nachreiner et al, 2007). Violent incidents are often related to the low awareness of nurses about the adequate therapeutic communication skills in dealing with patients (Cooper Swanson, 2002). Perceptions attitudes of nurses on patients violent incidents in psychiatric settings are extensively studied in the literature. Psychiatric nurses attitudes are different across countries (Jansen, Middel, Dassen, Reijneveld, 2006). According to some nurses violence is perceived as dysfunctional/undesirable. Whereas in others, violence is perceived as a functional comprehensible phenomenon (Abderhalden et al., 2002). 97% of participants believed that dealing with aggressive behaviour was a part of work in mental health inpatient unit (Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, Scott, 2010). In the same study, 69.7% of participants believed that the current level of physical aggression in the ward was unacceptable, whereas only 12% report that it was acceptable, and the others reported feelings of uncertainty (Dean et al, 2010). They rationalize that by recognize that staff with more positive attitudes exhibited lower state anxiety. There are negative attitudes of nursing students to violen t incidents, and these attitudes are deteriorated over time (Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, Carr-Walker, 2007). The perception of aggression scale (POAS) is a newly developed attitude inventory assessing nurses attitude toward aggressive patients (Palmstierna Barredal, 2006). Consequences of violent incidents on nurses were also extensively investigated in the literature. Responses to violence encompassed three major categories relating to physical emotional and professional impact (Dean, et al., 2010). They found that physical injuries divided to: direct injuries from the violent incidents, injuries while implementing restrictive interventions, and physical symptoms such as headache and muscle tension (Dean, et al.). Major physical injuries were on the head, the trunk, the upper and lower extremities (Langsrud, Linakker, Morken, 2007). Ongoing mental fatigue, stress, shock, helplessness, anger, vulnerability, feelings of being emotionally drained, anxious, impaired sleep and concentration were all emotional responses of nurses as a result of being violent (Dean, et al.). Nurses also respond with the following emotions and behaviours: frustration, despair, hopelessness, substance abuse, absenteeism, retaliation and the development of I do not care attitu de (Bimenyimana, Poggenpoel, Myburgh, Niekerk, 2009). The results of verbal abuse or violence by patients, often result in a severe psychological impact in nurses (Inoue, Tsukano, Muraoka, Kaneko, and Okamara, 2006). The most common emotional reaction to violence was anger, followed by shame, humiliation and frustration (Kisa, 2008). The Perpetrator Violence is common among individuals entering mental substance abuse words. Episodes of violence on psychiatric wards have been extensively studied, with one of the main aims being to identify who is more likely to be violent during hospitalization. However, it is difficult to determine that, because violence is a complex behaviour links with a variety of biological, psychopathological, and social factors. 15-years study concludes that older male patients with schizophrenia and younger personality-disordered patients are high-risk assailants (Flannery, Juliano, Cronin Walker, 2006). Antisocial personality disorder poses a great risk for violence among women than men (Yang Coid, 2007). Anxiety disorders and any personality disorder are more severe among violent women; alcohol dependence and hazardous drinking are more severe among violent men (Yang Coid). In a recent literature, Cornaggia and colleagues found that the psychiatric diagnosis most frequently associated with aggressive behaviour is paranoid schizophrenia. As patients with paranoid schizophrenia retain sufficient ability to plan and commit acts of violence related to their delusions (Cornaggia, Beghi, Pavone, Barale, 2011). Higher levels of hostility-suspiciousness predict the worsening of the pattern of violence (Amore et al., 2008). Persecutory delusions appear to increase risk of violence in some patients; co-occurren ce of persecutory delusions and emotional distress may increase the risk of violence (Bjorkly, 2006). Lower social class of origin, offending behaviour in the parental generation loss of the father, a new partnership of the remaining parent, growing up in blended families promoted the development of offending behaviour in general (Stompe, et al., 2006). Past history of violence toward others, substance abuse disorders are risk factors for future violence (Flannery, Julliano, Cronin, Walker). Past history remains the most consistent and stable predictor of future violence (Amore et al., 2008). Dual diagnosed patients with substance abuse disorders and bipolar sample have more violent acts (Grunebaum, et al., 2006). Black and minority ethnic are more often perceived as potentially violent to others (Vinkers, Vries, Van Baars, Mulder, 2009). Internalizing symptoms and affective reactivity contributed to aggression severity more than impulsivity and demographics (Kolko, Baumann, Buks tein, Brown, 2007). Even the month of birth of patients is considered a risk factor of violent behaviour (Cailhol, et al., 2009). Repeatedly violent patients had a higher length of residency, a higher number of previous violent behaviours (Grassi, et al., 2006). A past history of head injury with loss of consciousness was more frequent among persistently physically aggressive patients (Amore, et al., 2007). Assessment Many studies also discussed high risk children in the literature. Aggression appears associated with a wide variety of commonly psychiatric disorders in children (Connor McLaughlin, 2006). Children of bipolar parents are at high risk of hostility, aggression, violence (Farchione, et al., 2007). Adolescent conduct disorder patients are more likelihood to be violent (Ilomak, Viilo, Hakko, Marttunen, Makkikyro, Rasanen, 2006). Children with learning disabilities who had a comorbid psychiatry diagnoses reported a significantly higher amount of peer victimization than children without a cormobid psychiatric disease (Baumeister, Sterch, Geffken, 2007). Many other results showed results opposed to what known. Foley and colleagues found that violence at presentation with first-episode psychosis is not associated with duration of untreated psychosis (Foley, Browne, Clarke, Kinsella, Larkin, O`Callagham, 2007). No substantial evidence support the relation between insight and violence risk (Bjorkly, 2006). The Scene The scene of violence victimization against the psychiatric nurses by psychiatric and mentally ill patients is the psychiatric settings. The structure of the setting can provoke the manifestation of violence (Steffgen, 2008). Also, environmental design have been demonstrated to deter violence (Wassell, 2009). Inadequate staffing levels and lack of opportunities for clients to participate in therapy may provoke violence behaviour (Sturrock, 2010). The role of uncertainty concerning job stability represent a casual factor Also, lack of job security may cause violent behaviour The absence of social support and co-workers increases the risk of nurses in this setting to physical and verbal violence (Steffgen). The occurrence of workplace violence may cause damage to both the individual and the institutions. Organizations may face increased absenteeism, sick leave, property damage, decreased performance and productivity, security costs, litigation, workers compensation, and increasing turn over rates (Jackson, Clare, Mannix, 2002). Prevention Previous nursing literature suggested a number of strategies that can be considered by nurses to prevent violence. There is limited research on effective interventions to prevent patient violence (Kling, Yassi, Smailes, Lovato, Koehoorn, 2010). However, failing to accept and implement preventive measures in psychiatric settings has an impact to reduce violence in these settings (Wassell, 2009). Improved reporting may be of big benefit of reducing physical violence (Nolan Citrome, 2007). This may be occur by early recognition and intervention of potentially occurring violent incidents in the future. After conducting the Violence Prevention Community Meeting (VPCM), a significant decrease in patients violence were found across day, evening and night shift for pre-treatment vs. treatment and pre-treatment vs. post treatment comparisons. VPCM is a semi-structured protocol for the purpose of violence prevention (Lanza, Rierdan, Forester, Zeiss, 2009). Early recognition has strong practical implications for psychiatric nurses by helping them to assist patients with the detection of early warning signs. Early recognition is pay special attention to the early social and interpersonal factors that may deteriorate the patient behaviour to violent one (Fluttert, Meijel, Webster, Nijman, Bartels, Grypdonck, 2008). Steffgen identified many preventative measures of workplace violence such as: measures concerning the physical environment, measures concerning the management of the organizations and the behaviours of the members in the organizations, policies, counselling and training measures (Steffgen, 2008). A 6-module program have been shown to be effective in reducing and preventing violent incidents in a 6-months evaluation period. The 6 modules were about violence risk assessment, theoretical models of violence, assertive training, ethical legal issues of violence management (Anderson, 2006). Dubin et al identified six gold recommendations to prevent violence incidents in psychiatric emergencies. Firstly, all newly admitted patients should be assessed for risk of violence; those who have risk factors should be continually assessed. Second, nurses should avoid evaluating and/or treating patients at risk for violence alone or in an isolated office. Third, nurses must remember that patients violence is a response to feelings of helplessness, passivity, and perceived or actual humiliation; therefore nurses should avoid becoming verbally or physically towards them. Fourth, nurses are supposed to use non-coercive methods such as de-escalation to prevent escalation of patients aggression. Fifth, limit setting should always offer the patient two options with one option being the preferred option. Sixth, an armed patient should not be threatened and the clinician should respond in a non-threatening manner offering help and understanding. Finally, evaluation of environment safety s hould occur periodically and changes should be implemented that will enhance safety (Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, William, 2009). Assessment The first step in mental nursing process and one of the most important duties in psychiatric settings is assessment. Psychiatric nurses are faced with a great number of situations in which risk assessment are needed. Risk assessment is a process concerned with a variety of issues à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬risk for what, when, where, and to whom-not just the were Prediction of future violence (Haggard-Grann, 2007). Predicting violence has been compared to forecasting the weather. Like a good weather forecaster, the nurse does not state with certainty that an event will occur. Instead, he/she estimates the likelihood that a future event will occur. Like weather forecasting, predictions of future violence will not always be correct (Scott Resnick, 2006). Three major types of violence risk assessment are extensively reviewed in the literature. The three types are: (1) Clinical violence risk assessment, (2) Structural risk assessment tools, (3) Functional assessment. The number of risk assessment instruments has increased in the recent years (Haggard-Grann). Risk assessment tools should include situational aspects, behavioural patterns, and predicted events or stressors (Haggard-Grann). The first step when determining which instrument to use for a specific risk assessment is to determine the purpose and context for which the instrument is needed (Haggard-Grann). Decision should be made regarding whether the assessment is for the first time (to separate the highly risk patients from others) or for continuous ongoing assessment (Haggard-Grann). If adopted in clinical practice with a professional way, these instruments will indeed aid in the assessment and early recognition of violent incidents. However, they are inescapable part in the clinical practice in psychiatric settings. (Haggard-Grann). Awareness of the limits and abilities of such instruments is required. Lurigio and Harris underscored the importance of performing more accurate assessment tools that can for example determine the upcoming type of violence, or the likelihood of weapons use (Lurigio Harris, 2009). A risk assessment tool mainly contains two types of factors: static and dynamic. Dynamic factors are of a great importance in a decision context whereas static factors are at less importance. Dynamic factors should be assessed regularly in a structured time schedule (ex. every 1 hr). (Haggard-Grann). Static variables are based on intrapersonal factors (ex., personal biological characteristics) that served as risks factors for a patient to be potentially violent in the future. (Haggad-Grann). Many violent risk assessment tools were developed for the aim to assess the violent incidents in psychiatric settings. Sexual Aggression scale is an effective assessment tool to record systematically the occurrence of sexually aggressive behaviours for patients who reside in psychiatric hospitals. (Jones, Sheitman, Hazelrigg, Camel, Williams, Paesler, 2007). It is a brief scale consists of 4 sub scales with a brief description of them. The Alert System is a system includes a risk assessment form used by nursing staff to assess patients upon admission to the psychiatric setting in order to identify these at an increased risk of violence (Kling, et al ., 2010). If identified as at risk for violence, a flag is placed on the patients chart and wristband to contain staff of a patients potential for violence (Kling et al). The warning is intended to allow workers to take precautions to prevent violent incidents in flagged patients. These precautions may include: wearing a personal alarm, being near a security personals, not having sharp objects in the patients room, and not entering the patients room alone (Kling et al). Study results indicate that the Alert System is effective in identifying potentially violent patients. However, the ultimate goal of implementing the Alert System is to reduce the risk of violent incidents (Kling et al). Risk for in-patient violence in acute psychiatric intensive unit can be a high degree be predicted by nurses using the Broset violence checklist (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna, 2006). The BVC is a method to predict risk for violence from patients within the coming 24 hrs in acute psychiatric inpatient settings (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). BVC is used to assess the patient three times daily: in the morning, noon, and night shifts (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). The BVC assess absence or presence of six behaviours: confusion, boisterousness, irritability, verbally, threatening, physically threatening and attacking object (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). The HCR-20 is a structured professional checklist designed for the assessment of risk future violence in patients with violent history / or a major mental disorder or personality disorders. (De Vogel De Ruter, 2006). The HCR-20 consists of 20 items, divided into three subscales: historical scale, clinical scale, and risk management scale. The predictive validity of the HCR-20 was good (De Vogel De Ruiter). The Forensic Early Warning Signs of Aggression Inventory (FESA) was developed to assist nurses and patients in identifying and monitoring early warning signs of aggression in forensic patients (Fluttert, Meijel, Leeuwen, Bjorkly, Nijman, Grypdonck, 2011). The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire contains 56-items measure a number of cognition (including: beliefs, rules, distortions and attributions) that are related to violence (Warnock-Parkes, Gudjonsson, Walker, 2007). The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) is a clinical rating scale designed to measure psychopathic attributes in mentally ill patients, Patients who score higher have higher rates of violent recidivism (Scott Resnick, 2006). The PCL uses a semi-structured interview, case-history information, and specific criteria to rate each of 20 items on a three- point scale (0, 1, 2). (Scott Resnick). Total scores (ranging from 0 to 40) reflect an estimate of the degree to which the patient matches psychopathy (Scott Resnick). The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) is a risk assessment instrument of 12 items. It is probably the most well-known assessment instrument aimed to assess dangerousness in high-risk mentally ill patients. It is used to appraise the violence risk in psychiatric and other health settings (Scott Resnick, 2006). It is constructed by taking variables known to predict violent behaviour among men with mental disorders who have records of previous violent behaviour then summarizing the variables into one scheme (Haggard-Grann, 2007). Interactive Classification Tree is a recent tool for assessing the violence risk of patients discharged from psychiatric facilities (Scott Resnick, 2006). This tool utilizes a sequence of questions related to risk factors for potential violence (Scott Resnick). According to the answers, another related question is posed, until the pt is classified into a category of high or low risk of future violence (Scott Resnick). Structured risk assessment tools have inherent limitation when used alone. Criticisms of instruments include the following: they provide only approximations of risks; their use is not generalizable beyond the studied populations: they are rigid, and they fail to inform violence prevention risk management (Scott Resnick, 2006). Functional assessment approaches seek to clarify the factors responsible for the development, expression and maintenance of problem behaviours. This is achieved through assessment of the behaviour of interest, the individuals predisposing characteristics, and the antecedent events, considered important for the initiation of the behaviour, and the consequences of the behaviour, which maintain and direct its developmental course (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff, 2007). They identify 9 common functions of violent behaviour in psychiatric settings in the literature: demand avoidance, to force compliance, to express anger, to reduce tension, to obtain tangibles, social distance reduction (attention seeking), to enhance status or social approval, compliance with instruction, to observe suffering (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff). Functional assessment have many implications for the prediction and prevention of inpatient violence and for the treatment of violent patients. The distinction of functional assessment approaches and structured assessment tools is that the first emphasize the correct classification of the form of a particular behaviour and the other one emphasize the purpose of the behaviour (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff). The clinical risk assessment method is the oldest method of violence risk assessment. It is the classical method of expecting, predicting, and assessing of risk. This means that the nurse gathers the information that he or she believes to be useful and on the basis of that information makes a judgment of the risk (Haggad-Grann, 2007). Unfortunately, this method cannot predict future violence with high accuracy. The accuracy of a

Buddha :: essays research papers

Buddha There are many Buddha’s in the world. The story by Ashvaghosha called The Life of Buddha talks about the original Buddha, and how he came to be. Sculptures and pictures of Buddha always have the same features. From the Art Institute in Chicago comes a sculpture of Buddha from China. These two things have a lot in common. The parts of the body in the sculptures depict certain things about a Buddha’s life and the way Buddhism spread though Asia influenced the arts depicting Buddha.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most works of art involving Buddha have features that are almost always there. Whenever a person sees Buddha, he always has most of the ten qualities or powers of a Buddha, described in Story of the Life of Buddha Shakyamuni. However there are thirty-two major characteristics and eight minor, among them is the eight-spoked lines on the soles and palms. The spot between Buddha’s eyebrows, sometimes calls the third eye or wisdom bump, is a mark of wisdom. The nose has a specific length like the ears have their own characteristics. The enlightenment-elevation on the top of the head, describe by old texts as emerging from the head of a saint, symbolize Buddha’s enlightenment and is a visible symbol of the â€Å"spiritual generative power that strives toward heaven and passes into the immaterial sphere.† (Buddhist Art: Perfect Proportions of a Buddha, Para. 3). The Yoga position stemming from the pre-Buddhist tradition in India hides the lower half of Buddha’s body, but show the divine meditating with the utmost concentration, soles visible. The image of Buddha expresses serenity and proportional beauty. These Measurements are laid out in the canon of Buddhist art, which corresponds to ideal physical proportions; each span has a twelve-finger breadth and has 9 breadths. If there is a background behind Buddha it usually depicts a halo around his head. For example, the Buddha in Buddhism: a Brief Introduction on page thirty-eight exhibits a fiery halo. The Buddha statue from the Art Institute is sitting in the lotus position, have the wisdom bump, and the hair is knotted on the top of the head. Also the Buddha would have had long ear lobes if they were not broken off. The long ear lobes seem to be a symbol of his wealth and that the fact that they are now longer filled shows that he renounced wealth. At the end of the story the Prince did just the he renounced his wealth and became Buddha.

Ethical Decision making by School Principals Essay

Principals are faced with the challenge of managing schools and there is need for them to be ethical, respectful, inspiring, creative and knowledgeable about methods of instruction and the culture of the school and curriculum. These principals are also faced with the challenge of knowing and identifying areas of support that is able to enhance the school’s mission and also manage the areas that impede the achievement of a stated mission of the school. Since the needs of students are ever changing, they should also be in a position to make both smaller and larger adjustments that could be beneficial to the school and easily manageable by the organization in the management of these decisions. (Sousa, 2003, pp. 195-198). A decision is termed as ethical when it is able to bring about positive results and does not harm other people or the third party. These decisions are able to bring forth respect, trust, fairness and caring, responsibility and demonstrate good citizenship. When a decision accomplishes the needs of people together with their purposes, it is then termed as an effective decision. Ethically sound decisions are mostly advanced by two critical aspects namely discernment and discipline. For a decision to poses the aspect of discernment, it requires judgment and knowledge. The strength of character on the other hand, makes up a good decision and this takes moral change and the will power to be able to do what needs to be done (Hoy & Tarter 2004, pp. 56-60). Ethical decision making calls for good leadership from principals. Leadership may be described as the authority or ability of an individual or individuals to lead others towards the achievement of a goal. It involves directing and influencing others towards the accomplishment of the stated common objectives and involves responsibility and accountability for the group. There are various leadership styles that are used today in many organizations and institutions. The autocratic type of leaders apply unilateralist while dominating their team-members in order to achieve a particular objective. However, this method often results to resistance from the team- members, as this style generally requires constant pressure and a lot of direction to get things done. On the other hand, this style could be more effective in urgent situations requiring urgent action (Schiminke, 1998, pp. 107-110). In the Laissez-Faire leadership, little control is exercised by managers over their groups. This allows the team-members to sort out their duties and obligations but the manager is not in any way involved with them. This style of leadership however is ineffective at certain circumstances since the team is left floundering with limited motivation and direction. Laissez- faire is effective in cases whereby a manager leads a team that is highly skilled and motivated and these people have in the past produced excellent work. The Democratic leader on other hand often uses participation and the groups’ teamwork towards attaining a collaborative decision. This style focuses on communication between the leader and the team and hence a positive climate for achieving results is created. The leaders consult their teams before making a decision while still in control of the team. These leaders allow the team to make decisions on how certain duties will be carried out and by whom (Schiminke, 1998, pp. 107-110). In addition, a good democratic leader is one who approves participation by team members and delegation of duties or tasks is done wisely. This kind of a leader values the points put forward from them and also encourages any group discussion. He also empowers the team through motivation. On leadership styles include a coercive leader, authoritative. Leader, affiliative leader, pace setting and a coaching leader. A coercive leader demands obedience, which should be instantaneous and applies initiative, achievement and self-control. In times of crisis or company turn around, this style is considered to be more effective but it mostly creates a negative climate for the performance in an organization. The authoritative leader on the other hand is considered to be one of the most effective as this leader inspires employees to follow a vision, facilitate change and creates a strong organizational climate that results in positive performance. The affiliative leadership values people, their emotions and their needs and relies on friendship and trust to promote flexibility, innovation and risk taking. A pacesetting leader can create a negative climate because of the high standards he or she sets. This style works best in attaining quick results from highly motivated individuals who value achievement and take the initiative. Lastly, the coaching leader builds a positive climate by developing skills that will foster long-term success. This type of leader also delegates responsibly, and is skillful in issuing assignments that are quite challenging. Leadership entails organizing people in a bid to achieve the stated goals of the group. It is therefore essential that leaders should posses certain basic qualities that will enable them to be effective leaders in whatever situation or task they undertake (Guy, 1990 pp. 105-107). Leaders should display a good work ethic that will enable other employees to emulate. A good work ethic includes: being on time, being organized giving praise to employees, being well prepared for meetings and having good communication within the venture that will go a long way towards achieving emotional and financial success. Therefore a leader should set an example with an ethical set of values for other managers and employees. For a leader to be effective, he/she should be willing to constantly learn at the same time integrate the knowledge they have acquired through learning into their leadership style. They must also develop skills that will promote them into being good leaders. Another quality of a good leader is that they should constantly keep up with the current trends in leadership and be aware that the leadership styles are constantly changing. In other words these leaders should be open to change. A good leader should also be able to mobilize people and acquire their trust in the process. Good leaders should also have the ability to communicate effectively with their subordinates communication is an essential aspect since it involves both listening and sending messages or telling others what needs to be done. Moral leaders are in a position to produce good moral leadership. They mostly apply restraint and power in their leadership. They are willing to accept any results without imposing control on other people. This is stewardship. It enables leaders to accept their faults which are human instead of shielding themselves under their authority and status. Ethics can be described as the codes of conduct that guide on how one should behave regarding moral duties and virtues. These moral principles guide a person in determining what is wrong or right. Morality by principals can be termed as personal ethics. This is because personal ethics reflect the expectations of people of all works in the society. Ethics has got two aspects: the ability to determine right from wrong, propriety from impropriety and good from evil. The second perspective concerns the commitment to perform an action that is proper, right and good. The principles of personal ethics include: trustworthiness and honesty, concern for the well being of others preventing harm refusing to take unfair advantage, respect for the autonomy of others and basic justice. Ethics as displayed by principals in schools or any other leaders could be classified as under written and unwritten codes of ethics: codes of ethics are the efforts which are systematic in nature and are used in defining the right conduct. They also provide guidance and help in the installation of confidence in various aspects of life from the government and all organizations. The main guidance is reflected in the decision making process especially where values seem to conflict. Written codes of ethics can be made known by an organization, professional or jurisdiction. On the other hand unwritten codes that exist and that help us in our lives are more effective than the written ones. Un written codes of ethics include rules such as honesty, security, loyalty among others. These unwritten codes of ethics mostly arise from family and cultural tradition and can also be found in workplace. These written and unwritten codes of ethics mostly arise from family and cultural tradition and can also be found in workplace. These written and unwritten codes of ethics are found in the society and they help one in establishing their personal belief system. Ethical behaviors should be a part and parcel of an individual’s daily routine (Murphy & McMurty, 2000. pp. 110-115). I believe that Principals need to make strategic decisions since society and environment are dynamic and this provides them with a means that is strategic in nature that could enable them consider the external environment by focusing on the strength of the school organization, reducing weaknesses in school and also identify all the available opportunities that could put the school at a better position to be able to gain a competitive advantage. School principals are able to make an ethically defensible decision when the decision is well thought considering all the formal possible angels meaning that everybody takes part in decision making. In addition, ethically sound decisions in corporate all the possible solutions regarding the positive and negative outcomes of the decision. The decisions made by school principles need to involve a consultative process, team or group process or delegated duties to the staff members. This will help principals to come up with an ethically sound decision that will have a positive impact to all the members of the society which includes the students. Today, school leaders are the people who are accountable ethically, legally and morally for any decisions that they make in schools. Dempster and Parry (1999) note that the schools pressure mainly arise from four sources that is pressure of involving non-educationalists in the decision making in schools; changes in the growth of knowledge and applying the new advanced technology in learning processes; increased social problems such as suicide, violence and unemployment. This means that school leaders are constantly faced with ethical dilemmas while making decisions in schools hence resulting in conflicting ethical principles. Therefore how ethics/morals impact on decision-making is profound as this could easily change the way society operates. Foster (1986) also notes that it is the actions by the officials of the school that will strongly determine personal codes of ethics and values (Shapiro, 2000, pp. 120-125). On the ethical decision making by principals in schools, Denig and Quinn (2001) proposed a philosophical model with two moral principles namely; care and justice. They argue that most of the decisions that are made by school leaders, are mainly based on formalism which is policy and law and this is aimed at bringing about the greatest good to all (utilitarianism). In other words, this approach clearly views decision making as a rational approach that involves the use of universal principles. The decision maker performs what is right that could result in good deeds to all rather than individualism hence equity becomes the desirable outcome. They also point out that it is only through making decisions by collaborative means that these leaders can be able to analyze the dilemmas and get prepared to encompass the principle of working together with the school system and this eventually results in making decisions that are ethical (Sousa, 2003, pp. 195-198). Greenfield (19991) on the other hand argues that school leaders experience distinct sets of demands concerning ethics. He notes that schools being moral institutions are designed to bring for the social norms and other principles. They should be able to make decisions that are morally acceptable. He further notes that although schools are charged with the responsibility of creating moral values and making moral decisions by dedicating themselves to promote the well-being of their students, it is surprising that the same students have virtually no right to express themselves to what goes on in their schools and it is for these reasons that the conduct of these school leaders need to be moral (Kowalski, 2001, pp. 5-98). Robert Starratt (1991) also talks of equality in social arrangement benefits by arguing that today’s social arrangement results to unequal benefits among people. He argues that school principles should not only behave ethically but also be responsible individuals. Lastly, Green field argues that the authority of the principal is moral and teachers should be convinced that the decisions make by the principal reflects all the values that they support (Nutt, 2002, pp. 50-54). Kidder (1995) defines an ethical dilemma as the responsibilities that people face in making choices between two rights cherished values that conflict are the principle cause of dilemmas. For instance a principal is bound to be faced with a dilemma if at all he/she cherishes both the teacher and student and the teacher decides to enact a policy that will result in low expectations. Some philosophers and thinkers have come up with a number of guidelines that could help to solve these dilemmas faced by school leaders. They argue that leaders should be able and willing to act along the set standards of ethics. They could also address and also should be caring and conscious reflection whenever they lead other people (Nutt, 2002, pp. 50-54). School leaders could also form ethics committees to help them solve ethical dilemmas as these committees could prove helpful in raising the awareness concerning ethical issues, advising educators and also in the formulation of codes of ethics. A quality decision that is made by a school principal will depend on a number of factors made, extent to which others are able to generate a quality solution, how the problem is structured and the degree of commitment. Moreover, decisions made in schools require a lot of staff decision and support. School principals also need to understand the culture of their schools while attempting to make any decisions as this will establish whether the decision made is appropriate for the school. Therefore, these head teachers need to analyze and comprehend any relevant and comprehend any relevant information presented to them together with data. They also need to gather and measure evidence, issue judgments and finally make the necessary decisions. Creativity is essential as these will help in solving any anticipating problems hence development of opportunities for the school. Finally, school principals should be in a position to demonstrate quality judgment. This will enable them to know how and when they need to make any decisions among others. Decisions made by school principals could be autocratic, consultative, Group or Delegated decisions. An autocratic decision is that which the school principal makes it himself / herself by use of the available information or gathered from other groups or people. This therefore requires these school leaders to make appropriate and quick decisions when expected to do them at a particular point in time consultation on the other hand means that a problem has to be shared amongst individuals in order to obtain collective views or ideas but the school principal has to make the final decision afterwards.